The Gold Rush Era Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gold Rush Era - Research Paper Example Gold Rush in California had a very significant impact on the life of people and the city in the era of 1848-1855. California before 1848 was a small city with less count of citizens. After Gold was found in this city, it became the center of attraction for many people. California not only traded Gold in the United States but it also traded Gold in the best part of the world after 1850. â€Å"Due to heavy Gold mining, there were requirements towards transportations so the government had to build railways and roadways were also improved so that there could be optimum trading of Gold to and from California†. Heavy gold mining helped other types of businesses in the United States to gain positive business growth rate. â€Å"Most importantly, gold rush actually helped the economy of United States to gain a positive growth rate†. The Gold Rush undoubtedly led to the development of the city by improving the society. The Gold Rush began near Coloma at Sutter’s Mill after tests were conducted on a shiny metal found there. The tests confirmed that the shiny metal was gold. This news was then published all over the world which led to the development of California. â€Å"Gold was first discovered in Northern California on a huge scale. Later on, Gold was also discovered in Southern California on a smaller scale †. The first discovery was made in Rancho San Francisco.This place is popularly known as Los Angeles. Foundation of Gold in California let people diverse from agriculture and fishing to gold mining.

Assessing The Usefulness Of An Ecological Approach Social Work Essay

Assessing The Usefulness Of An Ecological Approach Social Work Essay Social work theories represent sets of ideas that assist in explaining the reasons for occurrence of events or why specific events happened in particular ways and are used to predict likely future actions of present outcomes. It is important to appreciate that theories, whilst based on reasoning and evidence, are not conclusively proved. In social work practice they provide alternative frameworks for understanding issues by the linkage of sets of ideas, and help people to make sense of specific situations or circumstances. Their application helps social workers in guiding practice and in achieving direction in their efforts. This study takes up the ecological approach for discussion and assesses its usefulness for social work practice. The ecological approach is also compared with humanism and existentialism and its various aspects are critically analysed with respect to achievement of managerialism and accountability in social work practice. Discussion Overview of Ecological Approach Kurt Lewin, (Plas, 1981), states that good theory is essentially practical. It provides a way to look at the world and guides action for the achievement of vision of the way things should be. Ecological theory, many experts feel, fits with Lewins maxim and has the potential to give social workers, both a practical perspective for effective social intervention, and a larger perspective for viewing and assessing the social world (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Whilst Roger Barker, (1968), initiated the application of ecological concepts to analysis of human behaviour, the application of such ecological perspectives to social work practice did not occur until it was taken up by Carel Germain in the mid 1970s (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The ecological approach has since then become progressively popular among social workers and is now commonly used as a practice approach for intervention (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The approach, despite becoming more commonly used, does have some major limitati ons, chief among which is the lack of (a) clearly defined procedures for engagement in assessment, and (b) specific sets of techniques and strategies for intervention (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The adoption of the ecological approach enables social work practitioners to understand the significance of the adaptive fit between the environment and organisms (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). An appreciation of such a fit in turn enables the emergence of a practice model that essentially focuses on the importance of locating ways and means to first assist individuals in adapting to their environments and second in the formulation of strategies for changing environmental elements that could cause problems for service users (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It is important to understand three concepts, namely (a) behaviour settings, (b) the ecosystem and (c) definition of client problems, in order to understand and appreciate the fit between organisms and their environment (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). An understanding of these concepts helps in understanding the significantly unconventional and different approach of the ecological perspective (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The concept of behaviour settings provides fresh insights in the relationship that exists between individual behaviour and environmental setting. Barker and Gum (1964), found that individuals react differently to different types of environment. Analysis of behaviour setting helps social workers to conceptualise the problems of service users and is considered to be a basic unit of analysis for the application of the ecological approach to social work practice. The behaviour setting, it must however be clarified, represents more than the traditional concept of behaviour as the response to a stimulus and is perceived to be a complex relationship of people, setting, time and individual behaviour. A conglomerate of such behaviour settings forms ecology (Germain Bloom, 1999, p 16-22). Specific individuals function in more than one specific ecology. The ecosystem of individuals consists of the various inter-relationships and the conglomeration of such ecologies (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The ecosystem of a child, for example comprises of the self, the family, the school and the larger community (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It is important to understand that the client, in such a concept of ecosystem is an integral component of the ecological system and cannot be juxtaposed with the larger environment (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The ecosystem of an individual consists of four distinct levels, namely the micro-system, the meso-system, the exo-system, and the macro-system. The micro-system represents the immediate environment, viz. the impact of personality characteristics of an individual on other family members (Jones, 2010, p 67). The meso-system is more complex and refers to the interactional processes that occur between multiple micro-systems (Jones, 2010, p 67). Th e exo-system and macro-system likewise refer to more generalised levels and represent more extensive interaction of ecologies (Jones, 2010, p 67). Â  The service user in such circumstances becomes the defining and primary member of the eco system that in turn comprises of various overlapping subsistence like the family, the work place and the larger community (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The psychosocial development and adjustment of individuals are perceived to be the consequence of transactions between individuals and their environments. The ecological perspective suggests the occurrence of cyclic and bidirectional activities between individuals and their environments (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The environment in the first place affects the development and adjustment of individuals. The behaviours of individuals lead to responses inside the environment and the altered environment thereafter exerts a different pressure on the individual (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Social workers can view this process as sequential or simultaneous mutual influence, for example X affects Y, which again affects X or X and Y come together to form a unity that defines the situation (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). This concept and these view points are important because they lead to the formulation of new ways for conducting of assessment and carrying out of intervention in social work practice (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The adoption of the ecological view point leads to the shifting of focus from individual personality and behavioural characteristics to relationships between individuals, their families, their communities and other ecologies that are included in their eco systems (Pardeck, 1 988, p 92-100). Most people do operate in social ecologies that are adaptive or congruent and where people are in harmony with the social norms of their environments (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). The requirement for social work intervention comes about when such adaptive fits cease to exist and lead to mal adjustments (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). The ecological perspective differs significantly from traditional social work view points on definition of problems of service users (Tew, 2005, p 31-36). Most conventional perspectives concentrate on individuals for definition of problems of service users and perceive such service users to be deviant, behaviourally troubled or emotionally disturbed (Tew, 2005, p 31-36). The ecological approach very importantly does not perceive the symptoms of service users kin terms of individual pathologies but looks at such symptoms to be indicative of malfunctioning eco systems (Tew, 2005, p 31-36). Advocates of the ecological approach are likely to perceive emotional disturbances to be comprehensive problems that are occurring in the continuous adaptation that is taking place between organisms and their environments (Wilson, 1999, p 4-11). Mal-adoptions are thus felt to reside not just in the activity of individuals upon their environments but also of the environments upon individuals (Wilson, 1999, p 4-11). Individual problems and difficulties in social functioning are thus perceived to stem from interactive, dynamic and reciprocal sets of forces that work between individuals and their eco systems (Wilson, 1999, p 4-11). The relationship between problematic social functioning and ecology has been studied in various relationships between (a) social class and hospitalisation for psychiatric causes, (b) probability of specific types of mental ailments and spatial community patterns and (c) suicide rates and social organisation of communities (Peters Marshall, 1996, p 17-32). It is evident that the adoption of the ecological perspective requires a radical shift of approach by social workers, who must move away from individuals and try to understand a unit that is termed as individual-in-ecology (Peters Marshall, 1996, p 17-32). Such an approach requires the viewing of individual problems in terms of mal adaptive systems and even differences in labelling of clients, who for example should be termed as disturbing clients rather than emotionally disturbed (Peters Marshall, 1996, p 17-32). Application of Ecological Approach for Intervention The ecological strategy for intervention obviously calls for an ecological assessment of the problems of service users (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). Such ecological assessment essentially involves two important issues, namely (a) the identification of reasons for discord in eco systems and sources of strength, which can be utilised to enhance the level of fit between service users and important people in the lives, and (b) specification of the services that will be needed to allow service users to progress towards achievement of desired goals (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). Traditional models of social work, it is easy to understand, are far more simplistic than the ecological assessment approach (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Such methods are narrower and perceive individual service users to be the only focus of the assessment procedure (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). The intervention model in the ecological approach comprises of specific steps that assist in translation of such assessment into appropriate strategies for intervention (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Such an intervention approach consists of seven specific stages and can be applied in a number of practice areas (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). The intervention model in the ecological approach is similar to other traditional approaches with regard to gathering of data but deviates significantly in the ways in which social work practitioners conceptualise and organise the processes of assessment and intervention (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). The seven important stages in the intervention process comprise of (a) entering the system, (b) mapping the ecology, (c) assessing the ecology, (d) creating a vision for change, (e) coordinating and communicating, (f) reassessing and (g) evaluating (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). These steps are significantly different from traditional methods of assessment and intervention and plays far greater responsibilities on the shoulders of social work practitioners (Nash, et al, 2005, p 32-41). The first step of the social work practitioner concerns entering the exo-system of the world of the service user, such a process involves assessment of various relationships in the life of the service user and identification of an entry point into the world of the service user (Kerson, 2002, p 8-14). Assessment of relationships in such circumstances involves examination of the various sub systems like the immediate family, the workplace and the community that shape the world of the service user (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). The social work practitioner can obtain significant information from examination of such sub systems for the formulation of intervention strategies (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). Assessment of various subsystems is thereafter followed by entry into the world of the client (Norman, 2000, p 11-17). This is largely done through an interview involving the social worker, the service user and people in his or her immediate family (Kerson, 2002, p 8-14). The social worker, after en tering the world of the service user commences ecological mapping (Kerson, 2002, p 8-14). Such mapping involves analysis of various sub systems and identification of people and events that are relevant to the challenges confronting the service user (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Such mapping involves interaction with representatives of different sub systems like spouse, parents or immediate friends and leads to obtaining of very important information (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The mapping of ecology is followed by interpretation and assessment. Social workers, at this stage of the process search for important problems and sources of strength in the eco system of service users (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). The description of relationships and recurring themes in the lives of service users forms an important aspect of this stage and helps in identifying problems as well as sources of strength that can help the service users in achieving a better fit with the environment (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Assessment of ecology is followed by locating the areas that require to be altered to enhance the social functioning of service users (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Social workers whilst focusing on the required change need to consider the service users total eco system and use all available strengths in the ecology (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Practitioners should be open to different change possibilities and implement proposed plans of action after obtaining the agreement of service users (Meinert, et al, 1994, p 26-33). Social workers must communicate and coordinate with people in the eco system during much of the intervention process (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). A significant part of the change process lies in the hands of important people in the eco systems of service users and practitioners need to offer support and facilitate change efforts through home visits and telephone calls (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Reassessment and evaluation also form important components of the ecological intervention process (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Social workers should be open on remapping the ecology and working through subsequent stages if the intervention efforts do not appear to be achieving their stated objectives (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The final stage of intervention that is the comprehensive evaluation of the process concerns the gathering of information through informal meetings and the use of structure questionnaires (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). The evaluation process is important for practitioners becaus e it enables them to enhance the quality of their ecological approach based treatment procedure (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Advantages and Disadvantages of the Ecological Approach It is important to understand that ecological perspectives help social workers significantly in understanding human problems to essentially be outcomes of continuous transactions of different types between environments and people (Ginsburg, 1990, p 12-21). The conceptualising of human problems in this way helps social workers in understanding that discord between people and their environment can lead specifically to adverse physical, emotional and social effects upon people (Ginsburg, 1990, p 12-21). Such a focus is also a unifying feature of social work practice. The adoption of this approach helps social workers in taking away their focus from individuals as deviants with emotional and mental difficulties and helps in placing them simply as individuals who have mal-adaption with their environments (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). The investigation and assessment process under this approach also allows social workers to interact with various people who are important to the service user a nd build an intervention plan that involves not just the social worker and the service user but also other people who are close to the service user, understand his or her problems and are able to help the service user in achieving the desired objectives (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). Whilst the ecological approach helps social workers significantly in conceptualising the essential concerns of social work practice, the approach continues to have some inherent difficulties and problems (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It does not for example provide clearly laid down sets of procedures and processes for assessment and intervention, as well as strategies and reasoning for their use (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Social workers thus use the approach for understanding the basic relationships between service users and their environments but have to thereafter devise and formulate their own assessment and intervention procedures (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). It has also disturbingly been found that when social workers intervene in the eco systems of service users by opening up communication channels with other people in the eco system, such interventions often do not have clarity in terms of outcomes and can lead to negative consequences (Pardeck, 1988, p 92-100). Critics of the eco logical approach also argue that its application leads practitioners to perceive problems with such broad perspectives that practitioners attempt to plan so comprehensively that actual effectiveness of practice gets jeopardised (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). Whilst such disadvantages and criticisms do have merit and must be considered by workers who opt to use the ecological approach, its adoption and application does enable social workers to obtain much larger perspectives and greater and more dynamic understanding of individuals and their social, cultural and physical environments (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). The adoption of such perspectives results in avoidance of blaming of victims and in location of assessment and intervention of the issue in the ecosystem of service users (Henderson, 1994, p 38-45). References Barker, R., 1968, Ecological Psychology: Concepts and Methods for Studying the Environment of Human Behaviour, Stanford, California: Stanford University. Barker, R., Gump, P., 1964, Big School, Small School, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Germain, C., 1973, An Ecological Perspective in Casework, Social Casework, 54, 323-330. Germain, C. B., Bloom, M., 1999, Human Behavior in the Social Environment: An Ecological View (2nd ed.), New York: Columbia University Press. Ginsburg, E. H., 1990, Effective Interventions: Applying Learning Theory to School Social Work, New York: Greenwood Press. Henderson, G., 1994, Social Work Interventions: Helping People of Color, Westport, CT: Bergin Garvey. Jones, P., 2010, Responding to the Ecological Crisis: Transformative Pathways for Social Work Education, Journal of Social Work Education, 46(1), 67. Kerson, T. S., 2002, Boundary Spanning: An Ecological Reinterpretation of Social Work Practice in Health and Mental Health Systems, New York: Columbia University Press. Meinert, R. G., Pardeck, J. T., Sullivan, W. P. (Eds.), 1994, Issues in Social Work: A Critical Analysis, Westport, CT: Auburn House. Nash, M., Munford, R., ODonoghue, K. (Eds.), 2005, Social Work Theories in Action, London: Jessica Kingsley. Norman, E. (Ed.), 2000, Resiliency Enhancement: Putting the Strengths Perspective into Social Work Practice, New York: Columbia University Press. Pardeck, T. J., 1988, Social Treatment through an Ecological Approach, Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol 16, No 1. Peters, M., Marshall, J., 1996, Individualism and Community: Education and Social Policy in the Postmodern Condition, London: Falmer Press. Plas, J., 1981, The Psychologist in the School Community: A Liaison Role, School Psychology Review, 10, 72-81. Tew, J. (Ed.)., 2005, Social Perspectives in Mental Health: Developing Social Models to Understand and Work with Mental Distress, London: Jessica Kingsley. Wilson, D. J., 1999, Indigenous South Americans of the Past and Present: An Ecological Perspective, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Essay --

Icarus and Daedalus Once there was a young boy named Icarus. He was very proud of his father Daedalus who was the most famous sculpture, builder, and inventor of his time. His statues were so beautifully carved they almost looked alive. The palaces and gardens he built were magnificent. Word of Daedalus’ skill and cleverness spread far and wide. Even to the island of Crete, where a King named Minos had a disastrous problem with a monster called the minotaur. â€Å"So you see my problem Daedalus?† Minos asked, pointing to the beast. â€Å"The Minotaur has the strength of a bull, but the cunning of a man,† replied Daedalus. â€Å"No ordinary prison will hold him, that’s why I sent for you.† â€Å"Don’t worry King Minos,† Icarus exclaimed, â€Å"my father can invent anything!† Icarus’ faith in his father was not misplaced and sure enough after several weeks, Daedalus had come up with a solution. â€Å"I call it the labyrinth. The passages are so tangled and twisted, the minotaur will never find its way out,† said Daedalus, showing Minos his invention. â€Å"I say, build it at once!† shouted King Minos.â€Å"You should be proud of your father, Icarus. He truly is the cleverest inventor of all, and deserves to be well rewarded,† Minos continued, handing Daedalus a bag of gold. â€Å"Thank you, King Minos.’ Daedalus said, â€Å"But now we must return to Greece. Is our boat ready to sail?† â€Å"It is, but you will not be on it. You are far too clever to let go,† Minos said, â€Å"Guards, take them away. I decided to keep you and your son in Crete where you can invent more wonderful devices for me. And this I shall return to my royal treasury.† he said, taking the money back, â€Å"Lock them in the tower!† â€Å"You treturous-!† Daedalus started. â€Å"You’ll never keep us prisoners. My father wil... ...And do not fly too high, the sun’s heat will melt the wax. Your wings will fall apart. Just stay close and-† â€Å"Yes, yes. Oh father, isn’t this wonderful? We are truely like gods up here.† â€Å"No, Icarus, come down! You’re getting too close to the sun.† â€Å"No father. To the heavens! No one ever gets to fly this close.† â€Å"No! Icarus come down. The sun, you are too close to the sun!† â€Å"Father. Father! Ahhh!!† Icarus screamed all the way down, falling into the crashing waves below. â€Å"No! Oh Icarus, why didn’t you listen? Why didn’t you listen?† Daedalus cried. Daedalus slowly flew homeward with a heavy burden and a heavy heart. When he reached Greece, he built a memorial for his son. And Daedalus never flew again. Poor Icarus, he knew the danger of flying too close to the sun. His father had told him but he ignored his father’s advice and paid a terrible price.

E.M Forster

E. M Forster Essay â€Å"I hate the idea of causes, and if I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country. † It appears to me that E. M Forster does make a valuable point in her personal speculation to believe that personal relations are more important than a simple cause or patriotism. In this essay I will give reason to Forster’s opinion as well as the other view of things. Without beloved friends, not only would there be no country,but also the world would seem lonely and one would be lost. (Correlative conj. At some unexpected point in all our lives, we must come to an end, and when we do we want to be able to think, â€Å" When I must leave this world, I’m actually going to be satisfied† (complex sentence) Friends engender a certain warmth that your country will never be able to formulate within. â€Å"A friend should be one in whose understanding and virtue we can equally conf ide, and whose opinion we can value at once for its justness and its sincerity. † (Compound Sentence) This quote is a true definition of a dear friend. The comprehension between two friends is something that you simply cannot get anywhere else, let alone from your country. A single rose can be my garden, but a single friend can be my world. † Friends are roses. (metaphor) Friends blossom with you, helping you grow as a person, enlightening you, every step you take. Friendship is like a violin; the music may stop now and then, but the strings will last forever. (simile) Although this esoteric view may seem like the correct way into choosing a friend over a country, others may contradict that and think otherwise. One may think that being there for one’s country is the absolute least thing you can do to show honor and pride. The love of one's country is a splendid thing. † It’s true, having pride of what land you reside in is great. Some may argue with t he thought of standing by their country rather than a friend is a much wiser idea simply because of how your country will physically never abandon you like some friends might do over time. â€Å"Patriotism is easy to understand in America; it means looking out for yourself by looking out for your country† One can create a certain barrier of so-called protection by simply protecting their country in hope of receiving something spiritual in return.Loyalty and pride are two traits everyone should have when speaking of their homeland, how far they take it, is entirely their own path and choice to take. Overall, I agree with E. M Forster’s main idea in choosing friends over her own country if it would ever result to that. â€Å"As the year go by our friendship will never die† Even when it may not be physically visible friendship will always be there to comfort you with lengthy arms of warmth, encouragement, and companionship, traits that your own shining country will never have.

Casablanca Film Review

CASABLANCA FILM REVIEW 1. How did the practical constraints imposed by World War II affect this movie? (Give 2 examples. ) Hollywood shifted from an outspoken denial of any overt promotion of the U. S. involvement in the war to an active on-screen support of that involvement. The cast was very international, of all the principle and supporting actors in the film came from Europe, only Humphrey Bogart and Dooley Wilson were born and raised in America. The rest of the actors either cam to U. S. for work or as refugees from the Nazis.By using characters of different ethnic races from other countries allowed the film to give it more of a historical accuracy. Other war time limitations were that of Ingrid’s fashions. They wanted to give her a look that was quite different. Fashions were simple and clean. There was very little outdoor filming due to high costs and a larger concern that the film could reveal important landmarks for the opposition to bomb. Most of the filming was down in soundstages, or on the Warner Brothers lot.Warner Brothers had to use models instead of the real thing, for example in the last scene where they are at the airport, the plane in this scene is actually a model and they skillfully used midgets to make the plane to appear bigger. Also Hollywood accommodated the war effort by having stars sell bonds or provide publicity photos with service man. They even built a canteen for the serviceman to go to so that the stars would serve them their coffee and donuts. Warner Brothers also produced some six hundred training and propaganda films under the supervision of Owen Crump. 2.What message does the film send about neutrality and America’s role in the war? Casablanca was used as a propaganda vehicle which was designed to support U. S. participation in the Allied Forces’ struggle for global justice and democracy at a time when most Americans believed that U. S. foreign policy should have promoted isolationism and neutrality. Th e film exploits wartime patriotism and the traditional â€Å"American values† of freedom, liberty and equality to shape the audience’s perception of the war. Rick Blaine’s character represents the American political ideals; anti-fascism, alliance nd intervention in the war. His role seems to inject resistance to the evil forces a foot in Europe. By the time Casablanca premiered in November 1942, Pearl Harbor had already occurred, and the U. S. had been at war for nearly a year. Many Americans during this time continued to support an isolationism foreign policy and were uneasy about the U. S. participation in a war that was thousands of miles away. The U. S. Government took an active role in the screening of such propaganda films and made sure that the studios would follow the BMP Codes so that the films would â€Å"benefit American morale.The codes were: Glorifying the â€Å"American way of Life;†, â€Å"Depict the enemy and their philosophy;† â⠂¬ Reflect well on our Allies;† †Portray the industrial war effort at Home;† †Illustrate what individuals could do on the home front to support the war Effort,† and show â€Å"Our fighting forces at Work. † Casablanca was designed to illustrate that personal desires must be subordinated to the task of defeating fascism by showing the chaos and misery which fascism and the war had brought. 3. How did World War II and events in Europe affect the cast of this movie?World War II had engulfed Europe, reaching all the way to Rick Blaine’s Cafe in French held Morocco. The Nazis had overrun France and all kinds of people are trying to escape by way of Casablanca. In this city, there was human trafficking with Rick’s Cafe being the main place individuals could be bought and sold through a lucrative refugee trade. Men and women were commodities. It was normal for people who used to be of wealth and fortune to end up accepting menial position s and the selling of their most treasured belongings. Some people gambled in order to obtain visas and some women resorted in the selling of their bodies.These kinds of actions were necessary to obtain a visa and escape. This would be evident in the scene when a young woman asked for Rick’s assistance in escaping. She and her husband were desperately searching for visas to the U. S. , when they were approached by the corrupt Captain Renault. Rather than allowing her to obtain the visas by selling her body to Renault, Rick rigged the roulette wheel so the couple could win the money to buy their passage to the U. S. Rick's actions seem to represent the power of American virtue over Vichy corruption.In a conversation between Rick and Ferrari, Rick’s liberal political leanings were apparent when Ferrari offered to buy Sam's contract, to which Rick replied: â€Å"I don't buy or sell human beings. † This conveyed the point that Rick (an American) was above the fascist practice of trading human beings. In another scene, Rick refused to serve a German patron, tearing up his invitation, which would have presumably allowed him to receive â€Å"special treatment 4. In what ways, if any, can you tell that this was a Warner Bros. film? Warner Bros were usually anti-Nazi, but when Confessions of a Nazi Spy was released it broke the code of remaining neutral.The Warner Brothers were Jewish. Koch and the Epstein’s saturated Casablanca with powerful assertions of German dominance in order to place the Nazi threat close to home. For example; The Nazi soldiers were given the best tables at Rick’s cafe because they were â€Å"German and would take (them) anyway,† just like they did most of Europe. Strasser’s duty was to expand the domain of the Third Reich and he made his intentions clear when he made the statement: â€Å"We (the Germans) have to become accustomed to all climates – from Russia to the Sahara,† and aga in when he explained to Rick that the Germans planned on invading London and New York.Casablanca wasn’t just another Warner Brothers picture, because it exploited wartime patriotism in an effort to shape American’s perception of the war. 5. Additional Comments (always complete this). Casablanca was more than the sentimental theme of lost love and redemption rather it was to represent the complex political and social issues on the early days of World War II. The product of a decade when studios were routinely producing â€Å"a movie a week. When Hal Wallis was hired to oversee the Casablanca project he prescribed a theme – United Nations –Conquered Nations Drama, and Enemy – Military Drama. Casablanca was to illustrate those personal desires cannot outweigh the task of defeating fascism and patriotic duty. This relates to the character of Rick Blaine. Casablanca was a chaotic and dangerous place that had Nazi-Vichy intimidation, corruption and cont rol. Many innocent people became victims of senseless rimes from being pick pocketed or being rounded up as a usual suspect, only to be stranded in such a place without hope. These people were refugees who were forced onto a treacherous journey to freedom, beginning from Paris then to Marseilles, Oran, Algeria landing in Casablanca. Here they would have a strenuous wait until they could secure their exit visas that were necessary for travel and could venture to the â€Å"democracy and freedom of the America’s that was a safe haven from the cruelty and death of fascist Europe.

Battle of Lutzen in the Thirty Years War

Battle of Lutzen in the Thirty Years' War Battle of Lutzen - Conflict: The Battle of Lutzen was fought during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648). Armies Commanders: Protestants Gustavus AdolphusBernhard of Saxe-WeimarDodo Knyphausen12,800 infantry, 6,200 cavalry, 60 guns Catholics Albrecht von WallensteinGottfried zu PappenheimHeinrich Holck13,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 24 guns Battle of Lutzen - Date: The armies clashed at Lutzen on November 16, 1632. Battle of Lutzen - Background: With the early onset of winter weather in November 1632, Catholic commander Albrecht von Wallenstein elected to move towards Leipzeig believing that the campaign season had concluded and that further operations would not be possible. Splitting his army, he sent the corps of General Gottfried zu Pappenheim on ahead while he marched with the main army. Not to be discouraged by the weather, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden decided to strike a decisive blow with his Protestant army near a stream known as the Rippach where he believed von Wallensteins force was encamped. Battle of Lutzen - Moving to Battle: Departing camp early on the morning of November 15, Gustavus Adolphus army approached the Rippach and encountered a small force left behind by von Wallenstein. Though this detachment was easily overpowered, it delayed the Protestant army by a few hours. Alerted to the enemys approach, von Wallenstein issued recall orders to Pappenheim and assumed a defensive position along the Lutzen-Leipzig road. Anchoring his right flank on a hill with the bulk of his artillery, his men quickly entrenched. Due to the delay, Gustavus Adolphus army was behind schedule and encamped a few miles away. Battle of Lutzen - Fighting Begins: On the morning of November 16, the Protestant troops advanced to a position east of Lutzen and formed for battle. Due to heavy morning fog, their deployment was not completed until around 11:00 AM. Assessing the Catholic position, Gustavus Adolphus ordered his cavalry to assault von Wallensteins open left flank, while the Swedish infantry attacked the enemys center and right. Surging forward, the Protestant cavalry quickly gained the upper hand, with Colonel Torsten Stalhandskes Finnish Hakkapeliitta cavalry playing a decisive role. Battle of Lutzen - A Costly Victory: As the Protestant cavalry was about to turn the Catholic flank, Pappenheim arrived on the field and charged into the fight with 2,000-3,000 horsemen ending the imminent threat. Riding forward, Pappenheim was struck by a small cannonball and mortally wounded. Fighting continued in this area as both commanders fed reserves into the fight. Around 1:00 PM, Gustavus Adolphus led a charge into the fray. Becoming separated in the smoke of battle, he was struck down and killed. His fate remained unknown until his rider-less horse was seen running between the lines. This sight halted the Swedish advance and led to a rapid search of the field which located the kings body. Placed in an artillery cart, it was secretly taken from the field lest the army become disheartened by their leaders death. In the center, the Swedish infantry assaulted von Wallensteins entrenched position with disastrous results. Repulsed on all fronts, their broken formations began streaming back with the situation made worse by rumors of the kings death. Reaching their original position, they were calmed by the actions of the royal preacher, Jakob Fabricius, and the presence of Generalmajor Dodo Knyphausens reserves. As the men rallied, Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, Gustavus Adolphus second-in-command, took over leadership of the army. Though Bernhard initially wished to keep the kings death a secret, news of his fate quickly spread through the ranks. Rather than causing to the army to collapse as Bernhard feared, the kings death galvanized the men and yells of They have killed the King! Avenge the King! swept through the ranks. With their lines re-formed, the Swedish infantry swept forward and again assaulted von Wallensteins trenches. In a bitter fight, they succeeded in capturing the hill and the Catholic artillery. With his situation rapidly deteriorating, von Wallenstein began retreating. Around 6:00 PM, Pappenheims infantry (3,000-4,000 men) arrived on the field. Ignoring their requests to attack, von Wallenstein used this force to screen his retreat towards Leipzig. Battle of Lutzen - Aftermath: The fighting at Lutzen cost the Protestants around 5,000 killed and wounded, while Catholic losses were approximately 6,000. While the battle was a victory for the Protestants and ended the Catholic threat to Saxony, it cost them their most able and unifying commander in Gustavus Adolphus. With the kings death, the Protestant war effort in Germany began to lose focus and the fighting continued another sixteen years until the Peace of Westphalia. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of LutzenGustavus Adolphus Sweden

Example of Essay Writing

Example of Essay Writing Example of Essay Writing Example of Essay Writing According to our competent essay writers, If is always useful to read a couple of examples of essay writing. Indeed, having a great example of written essay in front of you gives you confidence to proceed with your own writing. The following excerpts of essays are posted here with the hope to assist you with your essay writing. The first sample is argumentative essay on death while the second one is persuasive essay on the same issue. If you are in need of professional essay/paper writing help, you do not hesitate to order custom paper writing services at our site and you will get a well-written essay crafted to your specific instructions and requirements! Examples of Argumentative Essays We are all familiar with the fact that college essays devoted to the topic of death have increased dramatically within the last decade or so. Interest has been directed not only to the act of dying, but also to related essays topics such as euthanasia, capital punishment, abortion, heart transplants, and after-death experiences. One result of this increased attention to such college essays topics is that children are frequently exposed to death concerns. In addition, since the media attention given to the Kennedy assassination, there has been a societal imprimatur for children to participate in funeral services and mourning rituals. Finally, we have come to acknowledge the existence of childhood depression and suicide, phenomena that previously were denied. Thus, discussions of current argumentative essays topic related to death are now more widely disseminated. We have clearer notions of children's interest in and exposure to death-related college essay topics, and are more aware that children must think about death and dying. Paradoxically, children have less first-hand exposure to death within a close familial setting, since grandparents and elderly relatives are often sequestered in their own homes, in retirement villages, or in institutions. Children no longer witness the playing out of the entire life cycle Examples of Persuasive Essays Many of us may have difficulty dealing with the essays topics of death. Research indicates that teenagers may have particular problems coping with the loss of a loved one. One reason is that teenagers do not have much exposure to death beyond the television set and therefore have no real experience in dealing with it. Today's teenagers may well be the first generation that has been so insulated from personal experience with death. The use of various preventive techniques and new drugs has greatly diminished mortality among children. Those within the growing population of aged persons are less subject than their predecessors to death from acute illnesses such as pneumonia. Most deaths among the elderly now result from chronic and degenerative diseases and usually occur in hospitals or nursing homes. Death is removed from sight by the fact that grandmothers and grandfathers die in institutions rather than at home. Of the 2 million people who will die this year in the United States, two-thirds will be 65 years of age or older. Teenagers account for 6 percent of deaths in the United States. The most common causes of these deaths are automobile accidents, drug abuse, fad diets, and an increasing number of suicides Follow this link to read sample of the descriptive essay: Interesting posts: Thesis Format PhD Thesis Writing Master Thesis History Thesis Dissertation Topics

Slash Your Job Search Time In 3 Simple Steps

Slash Your Job Search Time In 3 Simple Steps Old-fashioned job search methods are proving to be just that: old-fashioned. The newspaper classifieds section is something of a laughingstock, and blasting resumes and cover letters blindly into online application systems is almost just as silly. The face of job hunting has changed. Be on the cutting edge, and cut your job search time in half with these 3 simple steps. Find the Voice Behind the CurtainIn this case, that just means: find the hiring manager. Especially when traditional channels aren’t getting you very far. Go straight to the source. The hiring manager will have fewer filters in place to keep out the likes of you, so you have a better chance of making a connection and getting your application noticed. Use a combination of LinkedIn and the company’s website to find out who your best point of contact would be, then draft the classiest, most professional email you can.When in doubt, send the following two things to the department manager you’d be work ing with directly:Create a  Pain LetterThink of this as a cover letter plus. A pain letter, in case you’re unfamiliar with the term, is a letter in which you try to sell yourself to the prospective company by identifying something that pains them, and showing yourself in the unique and perfect light to fix it. Maybe you explain how you solved a similar problem before, at a previous company, or how you filled a similar gap before- with great success.Don’t forget to pump up the company a bit; don’t just list its faults and weak spots! Do emphasize how grateful you’d be for an opportunity to help take them to the next level of greatness.Humanize Your ResumeWe sometimes make the mistake of sounding too cold and removed in our job application materials- like we’re trying to be super professional. But, we end up sounding kind of dry and robotic. Instead, try wording your resume in the first person, with an emphasis on what your particular skills and ex perience can contribute to the organization.

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Female Genital Mutilation - Essay Example First, it will be good to note the most prevalent villages in the area that practice FGM. This information may be obtained from schools that is liaising with teachers to ask the students if they are practicing FGM back at home or from reports in hospital or chiefs office. Once the targeted area are identified, a committee is made to help come up with strategies of sensitizing people on the harm it causes to our women and urge members to be on   the lookout.Meetings are then held in specific villages as teachers are also told to educate students in schools of the dangers to the girl child especially on their health and economic impacts as described above. To help stop communities or families from practicing, rules are set that impede them but if one is caught, they have to adhere to the consequences.It is of importance to educate professionals in schools so that they help sensitize students on the dangers of FGM, this will help change the incoming generation, since they are in prepa ration, in health sectors it will be of importance because most people seek health services and in the part of health education, the health personnel will be able to educate the lucky few. This in general, will create professional support for women trying hard to educate the public on why FGM is a violation of human rights and has no medical value and in support, they will be able to minimize such acts if not eradicating. This has made people especially children grow knowing that it is one of their rights.

Causes of Conflict in Special Education Term Paper

Causes of Conflict in Special Education - Term Paper Example Conflicts occur amongst stakeholders in special education due to a variety of reasons. Design conflicts arise when stakeholders have conflicting ideas about special education requirements of their wards. These arguments characteristically are about issues like eligibility for services; methodology of intervention; perceptions about student needs and educational placement. Parents usually feel that their ward has needs that merit unique education services while the school administration may decide that the child is ineligible for these services. Arguments may occur over the most suitable methodology for intervention. In the recent past, a range of interventions has emerged that offer the possibility of amazing outcomes. However, some of these treatments tend to be costly and need highly specialized employees. This is a possible area of conflict. The second area of disagreement is the delivery of services. Delivery problems are those connected with implementing an intervention program that has been decided upon by the family and the school district. Although the stakeholders may have reached an accord, both on the requirements of a child and on the services that the child should receive, disagreements may arise if either the school district fails to provide the decided services or the parents feel that services are not being suitably provided. Delivery disagreements frequently involve issues of provider competence, coordination of services, transportation, scheduling, procedural requirements, privacy, and/or confidentiality. Relationships are the most important but indefinable sources of arguments between school districts and parents. Relationship conflicts may stem from cultural differences, breakdowns in communication, and loss of trust. Although only a handful of states include this category in their analysis of requests for mediation, mediators and mediation program coordinators consider relationship conflicts to be a central reason that increasing numbers of parents seek mediation. Â  

Career Field Analysis-Top Executive Research Paper

Career Field Analysis-Top Executive - Research Paper Example Fourthly, the executive consults with other executives, staff, and board members on issues that involve general operations. Lastly, negotiate or approve contracts and agreement, and appoint department heads and managers (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012). Typical Career Path Most positions for top executives are filled via promotion of lower level and experienced managers when openings occur with most promoted from the organization itself. It is possible, in such industries as transportation or retail trade, for those lacking University degrees to become managers by working their way up (Shea, 2010). Upward advancement can be sped up by taking part in training programs within the company to gain more knowledge in operations and policy. The manager can also help their career towards top executive positions by familiarizing themselves with management techniques in programs, which are sponsored by various trade associations and the industry. Executive development programs can also facil itate the promotion of managers to higher executive positions, for managers with experience in fields such as engineering and accounting. Advancement to top executive positions, for instance executive vice president, can occur for general managers if they take up a similar position in other firms or their own firms. Executive officers also often gain board membership at one firm or more or even as chair of the director board. Finally, a top executive may form their own firms or take up independent consultant jobs (Shea, 2010). Trends The career of top executive positions has evolved because of changes in the management structure, age, and size of companies. Compared to 1980, only 20% of companies that were in the Fortune 100 list were still in it in 2010 (Shea, 2010). This highlights the shift to a service economy in the US. The rise of the financial service sector and a corresponding drop in the manufacturing sector is especially striking. There is also a flattening of corporate hi erarchies with significant change in distribution of job responsibility among executive positions between 1980 and 2010Most companies now have 3 tiers, i.e. VP level, EVP level, and CEO. Middle and top tier positions declined by 5% and 6% respectively with lower tier positions expanding by 10%, which supports the idea of corporate hierarchy flattening (Shea, 2010). Salary Information In the American economy, top executives earn among the highest salaries. Salary levels, however, vary with the level of responsibility, location, size, and type of the company, and length of service. In May 2011, the average annual earnings for operations and general managers were $77,200. The median 50% earned from $52,000 and $118,000 (Forbes & Piercy, 2011). Earnings between operations and general executives vary significantly based on specific responsibility. Median earnings per year for industries that had a high representation for operations and general executives in May 2011 were; Computer system s design and related services $117,730 Management of companies and enterprises $99,670 Building equipment contractors $83,080 Depository credit intermediation $76,060 Local government $68,590 Chief executive Earnings ranged around $140, 400 in 2010 with salaries varying by industry and level and type of responsibility. Executives in non-profit sectors ranged from lows of $88,006 and $700,000, as well as dividends, stock options and other

Does the ever present popularity and cross over of 'ethnic crafts' and Essay

Does the ever present popularity and cross over of 'ethnic crafts' and products signify a new aesthetic interchange or simply another form of cultural appropria - Essay Example stance the African Period of Picasso (between 1907-1909) when he was heavily influenced by African Sculptures that was also engendered by an interest in the present interest in Africa (French colonial exposure of Africa brought forth â€Å"exotic† news of African animals, tribes, cannibalism and overall primitivism) gave his work a historical as well as commercial value. Hence, I shall explore why and how cultural appropriation (if at all we can call it that) is actually a philistine way of assuming that ethnic craft representation to a Western audience shall always be somewhat mysterious, unknown, open to manipulation by Western thoughts and practices and is also somewhat full of â€Å"untouched† variety. These assumptions are almost always taken into account when representing ethnic art and thus represent another idea of the â€Å"white man’s burden† still on the run and notions of â€Å"Orientalism† isn’t over as yet, even in the age of Gl obalization. It is not so much an aesthetic interchange as much a thirst for giving the art a new dimension unknown to most western eye. When the question of appropriation comes into the picture, the questions of artistic intentions too follow. With it comes the speculation of the vanguard of exchange – where and how it happens. Does it follow any trend or does it depend on a single artists quest for something beyond the discipline of Western Aesthetics? Or is it just another form of responding to current socio-historical or political trends? I guess it is all of the above and more! Let us explore why and how. Previously the influence in art forms at least before the beginning and formation of the Imperialistic Discourse, was somewhat beyond the scope of this â€Å"Self† and the â€Å"Other† demarcation. With new discovery during the Renaissance, the Islamic tin-glazed pottery and lusterware became the most dominant form of ceramics in Spain. It continued from a period of 13th Century till the very beginning of 16th century,

Conventional pharmacological therapies for ischaemic heart diseases Essay - 1

Conventional pharmacological therapies for ischaemic heart diseases and heart failure - Essay Example In the case of myocardial failure abnormality exists in the myocardium which leads to inability of myocardium to fulfill its required function to the heart. This leads to heart failure. In circulatory heart failure, the abnormality of circulation takes place. Any abnormality of circulation responsible for the inadequacy in the body tissue perfusion, for example, changes of vascular tones, decreased blood volume and disorder of heart function. The treatment of pathophysiology given by doctors is that they try to decrease the frequency of angina attack so that the prevention of acute coronary syndromes such as; MI could be survived. There are various treatments which could be given to the patient in case to prevent heart disease or heart failure. Some patients can be treated by the help of Bypass surgery, Left ventricular assist device (LVAD), Heart valve surgery, Infarct exclusion surgery or Heart transplant. All these treatments depend on the patient’s current state. (Heart Fa ilure Treatment)The proper diet helps to prevent heart failure which includes; fruits, vegetables, low fat products, eggs, meat, seafood, nuts, beans, peas etc. This could be done by taking the control over cholesterol improvement, blood pressure control, serum glucose control and smoking habits in the patients. (How Is Heart Failure Treated? )This whole treatment depends on after the doctor diagnoses the exact stage of heart failure. Heart failure can also be treated by the therapy of drugs treatment. The usage of such drugs might result in the cardiac of Congestive heart failure (CHF). Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome, which is developed due to the accumulation of the blood. The blood which is in front of the left heart or the blood on the right parts of the heart (Hanacek). The drugs may put the effect on cardiac preload, cardiac afterload or myocardial contractility. Those drugs which increase the cardiac preload or afterload will be harmful for the patient, and

EWNJ Graduate Merit Award Program Scholarship Essay

EWNJ Graduate Merit Award Program - Scholarship Essay Example In fact, I am trying a lot to be on my own. Presently, I am doing two jobs for the purpose. I am working both as a Graduate Assistant and as an Accounting Assistant at Montclair State University, NJ. However, as the jobs are not highly paid, it is a bit difficult to meet my financial needs. In fact, I am an outgoing kind of person with good leadership skills. There are a number of activities to add to my credit during my studies. I did my own research paper named Financial IR Responsibility on Social Responsibility, unveiling how recession affected the performance of non-profit organizations and participated in NEBA Conference 2010 in Morristown, and it was appreciated. I am a member of many non-profit organizations too. I was a team leader of the 2011 Liver Walk in NJ, and as a part of the team, I work to raise money for American Liver Foundation. I never leave a chance to help others if possible. I am a member of Polish Student Organization and help Polish students to find suitable schools. I leave no stone unturned in my attempt to achieve my life ambition to have a secure job that is enough to support myself and my family. I am an Accounting Society Member at MSU. Despite my all these efforts and struggle, it has become necessary to look for financial assistance as my income does not seem sufficient to meet my financial needs.

Conventional pharmacological therapies for ischaemic heart diseases Essay - 1

Conventional pharmacological therapies for ischaemic heart diseases and heart failure - Essay Example In the case of myocardial failure abnormality exists in the myocardium which leads to inability of myocardium to fulfill its required function to the heart. This leads to heart failure. In circulatory heart failure, the abnormality of circulation takes place. Any abnormality of circulation responsible for the inadequacy in the body tissue perfusion, for example, changes of vascular tones, decreased blood volume and disorder of heart function. The treatment of pathophysiology given by doctors is that they try to decrease the frequency of angina attack so that the prevention of acute coronary syndromes such as; MI could be survived. There are various treatments which could be given to the patient in case to prevent heart disease or heart failure. Some patients can be treated by the help of Bypass surgery, Left ventricular assist device (LVAD), Heart valve surgery, Infarct exclusion surgery or Heart transplant. All these treatments depend on the patient’s current state. (Heart Fa ilure Treatment)The proper diet helps to prevent heart failure which includes; fruits, vegetables, low fat products, eggs, meat, seafood, nuts, beans, peas etc. This could be done by taking the control over cholesterol improvement, blood pressure control, serum glucose control and smoking habits in the patients. (How Is Heart Failure Treated? )This whole treatment depends on after the doctor diagnoses the exact stage of heart failure. Heart failure can also be treated by the therapy of drugs treatment. The usage of such drugs might result in the cardiac of Congestive heart failure (CHF). Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome, which is developed due to the accumulation of the blood. The blood which is in front of the left heart or the blood on the right parts of the heart (Hanacek). The drugs may put the effect on cardiac preload, cardiac afterload or myocardial contractility. Those drugs which increase the cardiac preload or afterload will be harmful for the patient, and

Write a research paper on Amazon.com INC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write a on Amazon.com INC - Research Paper Example Jeff Bezos was not a born entrepreneur, he graduated from Princeton University and began to work in the field of computer science on Wall Street moving on to become the vice president at Bankers Trust (Byers). Due to his interest in the rapid use and growth of Internet technology, he devised the idea of Amazon.com. Thanks to the idea generated by Jeff Bezos, he quickly gained the identity of being the prominent entrepreneur who devised the dot-com idea and made him a billionaire soon. It started off as the bookstore initially and has now transformed in to the largest online retailer of the world as well. It has expanded its operations in a variety of ways and offers millions of online books, movies, songs, merchandise and just about anything. It can be safely concluded that Amazon has converted into an ‘everything store’ where merchandise of every kind is traded online. Shoppers are offered convenience that have the facility of shopping for almost anything online and can easily download books, games and films to even their portable devices such as tablets or smart phones. Other products such as the self publishing and online advertising are also offered on Amazon.com. Therefore, the customers’ Amazon Inc serves have been stated in the mission statement itself, which are consumer customers, seller customers and the developer customers. Therefore, Amazon Inc is a platform which does not only let the customers to download and buy the merchandise, but at the same time gives them a platform to sell their merchandise online as well to the interested customers. The marketing strategy that has been introduced by Amazon rests on six facets: it not only offers products and services to be purchased by the customers but at the same time, interface is user friendly which can be easily and conveniently used by the customers. The services and products offered at Amazon vary from small scale to the

The Introduction To The Kashmir Conflict History Essay

The Introduction To The Kashmir Conflict History Essay Demarcating boundaries to create nations has been an onerous exercise that has always been replete with controversies. Conflicts have been prevailing over it across the globe. This conflict has extended towards sea bodies as countries compete to control oil wells and other resources. The conflicts concerning North Korea and South Korea, the US and Mexico and Japan and China are some of the examples that have drawn international attention. The paper will however focus on issues related to the stalemate over Kashmir between India and Pakistan. Before 1947 India and Pakistan were a part of a Union that was under the control of the British Raj. While leaving, the colonial powers separated the region on the basis of religion giving rise to two nations: India and Pakistan. The transition was mired with incidents that were fraught with bloodshed and consequently the two nations developed an animosity towards each other. Another reason for conflict was over territorial command over Kashmir; an Indian state that lay along the borders of India and Pakistan. In a bid to control the region the two countries have been involved in numerous wars: the war in 1948 and 1965 and the Kargil war of 1999. India opines that Pakistan along with its agencies like the Inter-Services Intelligence or the ISI finances terrorism in the region to create instability while Pakistan claims that they rightfully own Kashmir. The region also has a third group known as separatists who want a separate identity without being a part of either India or Pakistan. The people of Kashmir have been traumatized by the level of insurgency in the region along with the atrocities committed by the Indian army under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA). At one time people had an inclination towards a particular nation but the atrocities perpetrated by these nations have held public opinion against these countries. Some have accepted the fact that they are helpless while the reactive ones resort to activities like mass protest and large scale stone slinging in order to claim their basic rights. The literature serves to provide a background to the conflict that includes the three major wars fought between them. It will first cover the reasons that led to the three wars (the 1948-1949 war, the 1965 war and the Kargil war) and the perspectives of both the countries will be discussed in relation to these confrontations. Elaborating on historical and contemporary issues, a comprehensive outlook of India and Pakistan on the Kashmir issue will be discussed and the disparities will be extrapolated. Finally the paper will discuss the possible solutions to the Kashmir conflict. The solutions will be intensive and would encompass issues such as water sharing, providing autonomy to the people of Kashmir, nurturing trade and commerce and demarcating the boundaries of Kashmir based on communal considerations. The Battle for Kashmir a. Immediate post-independence 1948-1949 period As soon as the states of India and Pakistan were formed in 1947, the controversy over Kashmir arose. The two nations have been involved in four wars since the British left the subcontinent and the 1947-1948 was the first among them in which the rightful command over Kashmir was the contentious issue.  [1]  When the two countries were first formed, Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu king by the name of Maharaja Hari Singh. He was neutral to India and Pakistan and chose to remain independent. On October 22, 1947 a large number of armed tribesmen  [2]  , made inroads into Kashmir, plundered the villages and later set fire to these villages. It was at this moment that the king sought the assistance of India and in return decided to make Kashmir a part of the Indian Union. This gave rise to further conflict in the region. In 1947, India and Pakistan went to war over Kashmir. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appealed to ask the United Nations to intervene and a UN cease-fire was ar ranged for December 31, 1948.  [3]  A ceasefire was established through a Line of Control and Kashmir was acknowledged as a disputed territory (Kashmir is still considered to be a disputed territory against the popular belief in India that the region is a part of it). What needs to be acknowledged is that the war over Kashmir just after Independence had numerous dimensions to it. The Indian contingent claims that the Maharaja of Kashmir was harassed by the constant pillaging of Kashmiri villages by the tribesmen of Pakistan. To protect the interests of the Kashmiri people the Maharaja signed instrument of Accession to India.  [4]  It was further considered that the terrorist forces were under the patronage of Pakistan and was aimed at destabilizing the region. India further claims that it managed to garner the support from the Kashmiris and under plebiscite rule it became a part of the nation. Pakistan on the other hand held an opinion that was totally different. Pakistan never believed in the Accession agreement signed by India and continued to occupy a third portion of Kashmir.  [5]  The varied opinion was the main reason that led to the war and it was only after the interruption of the UN that both sides acknowledged the existence of a ceasefire. India continued to occupy most parts of Kashmir while the international community along with Pakistan refuted such a territorial occupation. Pakistan managed to control a part of the territory and at the same time refuted Indias claim. This was the scenario that prevailed in Kashmir after the war. The endeavors of the UN and the British prevented both the nations from breaking out into a war. Kashmir however was not given the privileges of a democracy by the India Union. India laid down the condition that unless Pakistani troops vacated the remaining portion entirely, democratic rights would be curbed in the region. Through the 1950s  [6]  , there was a tussle between the State Assembly and the power at the Centre in India for a more autonomous government. The Indian government was however very adamant in tackling the situation and maintained a heavy military presence in the region. It was in this period that the people of Kashmir were subjected to strict military surveillance be cause the Indian politicians especially Nehru was of the opinion that if the people were given the liberty, it would promote Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in the region. b. 1965 War The year 1965 saw a desperate attempt by the Pakistani forces to seize Kashmir from the clasp of India. Between 1956 and 1962  [7]  , Pakistan managed to procure a heavy consignment of military equipment and this narrowed down the military prowess of India and Pakistan. Americas assistance to Pakistan could be a retaliatory step considering the fact that India and the Soviet Union had maintained a cordial relationship and this was beyond the comfort level of the US. The procurement emboldened Pakistan and it launched a fresh attack on India. India was however successful in fending off the attack and sought for international intervention in the region in order to settle the dispute. It was for the first time that an international player (other than the UN took part in the Kashmir issue). The Security Council passed Resolution 211 that mandated both the parties to respect the ceasefire and recede back to their respective territories  [8]  . Even countries like the US stopped pr oviding arms and ammunition to both the countries. This was instrumental in bringing both the parties to the talking table with the Soviet Union as the mediator. A treaty was signed by both parties in Tashkent and as per the treaty the armies of both the nations withdrew from the disputed area. The 1965 War clearly demonstrated the significance of the Kashmir issue and brought to light the roles played by China, the US and the Soviet in the geopolitics of South Asia. Unfortunately the cease fire that was promulgated by the foreign powers did not have any bearing in the relationship between the two countries.  [9]  It was only a titular agreement between the two countries that was aimed at preventing any sort of confrontation between the Indian Army and the Pakistani Army. The scenario in Kashmir and the plight of the Kashmiris did not undergo any change after the war. c. 1999 War A recurrent military-hybrid shift occurred in the 1980s through to the 1990s. After establishing a military regime through a coup in 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq came to rely significantly upon Islamist groups for domestic political legitimacy.  [10]  It was in this era that militancy in the region reached new heights. India blamed the Pakistani intelligence agencies for providing financial and logistical support to these militant groups. While a portion of the blame can be attributed to Pakistan, the Indian Army operating in the region had a role to play in the proliferation of these groups. What needs to be acknowledged is the fact there was widespread infiltration from the Pakistani borders into Indian soil. This was a constant feature in the 1990s and the Indian Army resorted to air attacks in a bid to stop infiltration into the country. It was claimed by India that the infiltrators were backed up by the Pakistani soldiers patrolling the borders. As the air raids to curb the infl ux heated up, Pakistan troops retaliated. The domino effect continued and this gave rise to the Kargil War in 1999. Constant shelling and airstrikes was a constant feature of the war. According to a Red Cross Report at least 30,000  [11]  were rendered homeless and they sought refuge in the Pakistani side of the Line of Control. Like the other two battles mentioned before, this too came to an end after an intervention by a third party. Pakistan and India both celebrated their victory in the war but the volatility in the region was never erased. As fallout of the insignificance of the war, the Prime Minister of Pakistan had to pave way for General Musharraf who seemingly focused on economic and social issues. Issue of the disputes The Kashmir conflict presents a very diabolical situation owing to the myriad opinions held by the two stakeholders on either side of the border. Both the sides have been steadfast in holding on to their whims and this has been the most serious issue. While numerous arrangements have been organized to tackle the issue, the unwillingness of both the parties has not allowed these talks to proceed in a positive direction. It is also noticeable that there has been a shift in the viewpoints when it comes to taking possession of Kashmir. A look into the perspectives of both the countries so that our understanding of the problem becomes clearer. a. The Pakistanis Argument Pakistan has always considered itself to be the deprived party when it comes to having a stake in Kashmir. In the earlier stages of the struggle, that is, the period just after 1947, Pakistan was over inclined to make Kashmir a part of it because of the higher percentage of Muslims in the region. So when India occupied the region, it was a feeling of deprivation for Pakistan. In retaliation to it, the Army tried to capture Kashmir but did not succeed. Pakistan has very often resorted to cataclysmic religious violence  [12]  in a bid to destabilize the region and win the sympathy of the Kashmiris. This was not the case in the earlier stage when fundamentalism with respect to religion was not tapped to secure Kashmir. During the early stages of the conflict, the Army was the face of Pakistan and it did not budge in revealing its intentions to claim Kashmir. However the brazen steps taken by the Army drew the wrath of international players and so it resorted to hardliners so that a proxy war could be fought. This can be proven from the fact that the number of infiltrations increasing in the period concerned. One would raise ones eyebrow considering the fact these people managed to cross the border with relative ease and without any sort of hindrance from the Pakistani side. Pakistan has always supported the UN Security Council resolutions that envisaged the Kashmiri people determining in a plebiscite  [13]  as opposed to the command over the region by the Indian Union. The recent statement by the president of Pakistan clearly demonstrates the fact that Pakistan is eager to see a Kashmir which is free from the clout of India. Zardari remarked that Pakistan will continue to support the right of the people of Jammu Kashmir to peacefully choose their destiny in accordance with the UN Security Councils long-standing resolutions on this matter.  [14]  India on the other hand has been able to ward off international pressure in spite of depriving the people of Kashmir a plebiscite rule. This has been the main concern for Pakistan because it would have preferred a neutral player controlling Kashmir instead of India. Occasionally, the Pakistani contingent has vented their war by making inroads into Kashmir through the coercive path. Pakistan has time and again improved its military might with the help of countries like China and Iran and when it felt that it could capture Kashmir, it instigated a war. Pakistan has also maintained s firm base in the Line of Control in the form of terrorist groups. Pakistan is now endeavoring to spread the cult of militancy and terrorism in new areas south of the Pir Panjal range in the Jammu region.  [15]  In this way Pakistan believes that the people of Kashmir would develop a deep sense of animosity towards India and enhance Pakistans propaganda of destabilizing the zone. One can even claim that Pakistan has been effective in this front as there have been numerous incidents involving tensions between Kashmir pundits and the majority Muslim population. The area covered by Azad Kashmir has been the nurturing ground for numerous fundamentalist groups namely Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad.  [16]  Pakistan believes that it is their right to fight a battle in the name of religion and to claim Kashmir. Though this perspective is not blatantly endorsed, there has been enough proof to validate this claim. Leaders of militant groups such as L akhvi and Hafeez Saeed have found safe havens in Pakistan and all attempts to extradite them have failed. b. Indias Argument India has always claimed to be the rightful rulers of Kashmir. It does not acknowledge the UNs opinion of considering Kashmir as a disputed region. Additionally India has meted out special treatment to the region by curbing most of the democratic rights. While India is a democratic region, Kashmir has a military rule. Only recently has the legitimacy of the plebiscite rule been felt. The three wars fought with Pakistan have made the country wary of Pakistans intention so it feels justified to ramp up the military operations in the region. Unfortunately the Army and the implementation of Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) have given rise to controversies pertaining to human rights. Other moves included detaining suspected terrorists under Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, TADA (a controversial Act passed solely for this purpose), clamping unrest in the form of curfews, house to house searches and indiscriminate interrogation of the natives.  [17]  Throug h stringent rules India intends to keep the radical elements in check but on paper India establishes Kashmir as a democratic state with all the privileges of an autonomous state in the Indian Union. Kashmir is also of prime significance as it is the boiling point for the countries surrounding it. So by gaining extra mileage in any form India wants to exert its presence in the region. India considers such momentum important in order to curb the collusion between Pakistan and China against it. The wars in 1960s and the late 1990s were primarily initiated once Pakistan believed that it has the military prowess to defeat India. This confidence did not generate internally. The support extended by the US and China helped Pakistan improve its arsenal. So by maintain a firm base in Kashmir, India believes that it can negate the attacks perpetrated by Pakistan. Recent events show that the dispute over Kashmir has been taken to a new level after the increase in the number of infiltrators. India has been a victim of many terrorist activities in the past and the trace of the miscreants trailed up to the terrorist organizations in Kashmir and Pakistan. So India believes that unless it ramps up its military activities in Kashmir and the borders surrounding it the influx of such infiltrants would be in the ascendancy. As a result, the late 1980s witnessed a number of measures that was aimed at stopping the inflow. All men above the age of eighteen were issued identity cards and paramilitary patrols were stepped up in the region.  [18]  In spite of these measures and the increased surveillance across the borders, India has been a victim to the infiltrators who were responsible for carrying out blasts across cities and for carrying out the 26/11 Mumbai bloody drama, which involved attacks in as many as 11 places in the city that left 183 people , including 22 foreigners, dead.  [19]   Facets of Dispute Resolution There has been diversity in opinions when commentators narrate the current situation in Kashmir. While most are optimistic in their assessment there are many who still believe (especially separatists occupying Kashmir) that there no hope for Kashmir in the near future. This can be remarked from the increased activism by separatist groups. Even ordinary citizens from either side of the border perceive each other as threats. The era from 1947 to 2000 was unproductive as there were no resolute measures in resolving the stalemate. However according to the first school of thought there is a silver lining that seems to have appeared in this century. In the new century, changing trends in all fields of knowledge and the emphasis of people-to-people contact has become important for promoting mutual understanding between India and Pakistan.  [20]  It is fortunate that both the cultures are similar and this could be a basis for a friendly relationship. Both the countries have nuclear capabilities and this has decreased the possibility of a full scale war. Recently there have been talks that have promoted trade between the two nations. India was never in the most favored list of countries for trade with a very narrow positive list of 786 goods.  [21]  Pakistan has recently considered Indias case and one could soon see a transition in which bilateral trade is conducted between the two countries and this can be a catalyst in the peace talks between the two nations. Kashmir would also be an important region as it could intermediate the high volumes of trade that would ensue once the barriers to trade open up. On the flip side there has been numerous instances in which the talks to promote peace have failed miserably. The failed talks have been a major bottleneck in the way ahead because once such an event occurs there is a period of sustained inactivity in which both the parties refuse to cooperate in the peace dialogues. Most talks seem to revolve around Kashmir, border disputes and water sharing agreement. Unfortunately most issues remain unsolved for a very long time. Pakistans association with China also raises eyebrows in India and this could be a deterrent in the way ahead. India has never accepted China to be a super power in the subcontinent and there have been occasions of territorial dispute between India and China.  [22]  This has been a critical determinant in the interrelationship between India, Pakistan and China. The formation of a separatist group has added to the woes of Pakistan and India by adding another dimension to the Kashmir issue. The separatist groups have also started being vocal in demanding greater control through ideological leanings, political strategies, and goals  [23]  and have therefore started participating in the political agenda of Kashmir. Pakistan have always supposed these groups probably to avenge the 1971 episode in which India supported the creation of Bangladesh which was then a part of Pakistan. The separatists have deep animosity towards the Indian government and they are ruthless in displaying their discontent towards people who favor India. While the challenges that the stakeholders face is mottled, all the parties (India, Pakistan, Separatist and even China) should look to bring peace in the region. There can be numerous ways of coming out of the quagmire but it will require concerted efforts from every party and at the same time each player should be willing to be more open minded in accepting the credibility of the other party. Resolving the Kashmir Dispute The first step would be to demarcate the boundaries of Kashmir in a manner such that all the parties agree to it. It should be noted that the people of Kashmir should have their consensus before any line is drawn. Moreover history has proven that the Line of Control is a very volatile territory and very often the army of one country has a tendency to encroach upon foreign territory. It is therefore advisable that both the countries retract their army to a distance that is of considerable length. Involving a third party in the dispute has rarely paid off but the two countries could have a third party to monitor the activity at the borders. No third party would be willing to provide such support unless the financial assistance is provided by India and Pakistan. This will obviously be a costly affair but it will reconcile the two troops within safe distance from each other. While this is done, the Kashmir people can have their say in deciding their fate. Mere division of territories also presents numerous problems. Kashmir is home to various religious sects and this aspect of it has to be respected while moving along the lines of a division. It is highly improbable for the Hindu dominated region to accept Pakistan while the Buddhist contingent have always opposed the idea of a separate state.  [24]  Therefore when a divide is created based on vote structure, the people who will be the minority may face serious threats from the majority population. They would want to reside in a place where they find safety in numbers and the immigration of minority population may not be a smooth process as witnessed in 1947 after the partition took place. The nuclearization of India and Pakistan is thus an extraordinary moment in the narrative of Partition: both its telos, in that it confirms the national jingoism and the bloodthirsty hatreds that propelled the mass slayings and movements of population in 1947.  [25]  Therefore even if Kashmi r was to be divided based on religious inclinations, both India and Pakistan must provide a safe environment for the minority groups. It is the responsibility of the governments on either side to include people in the administrative processes. Both should give more liberty, not merely by granting elections but also by rolling back restrictions on business, terminating governmental monopolies in trade and commerce, and encouraging international investment bodies such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.  [26]  This is one area where both the countries have failed miserably. Preoccupying the Kashmir people with trade and commerce could have at least reduced dissatisfaction from the indigenous masses. 80% of the people depend on agriculture while the mineral rich state has not been fully exploited for commercial production.  [27]  Kashmir is also a very scenic place and has the scope for exploiting the tourism industry that has the potential to provide job opportunities to a lot many Kashmiris. The other facet of facilitating trade and commerce is that Kashmir will be integrated with their respect ive Unions. It will also provide scope for developing infrastructure like schools, roads and hospitals. With quality education and prosperous job opportunities, hardline groups will not be able to lure the youth into committing radical activities. While sections of the society have been able to lead a life of opulence there are many who have been deprived of basic necessities.  [28]  It was primarily the children of the latter section of the society who had been hoodwinked into pursuing radical activities. Extensive infrastructure coupled with quality education could be a way of appeasing the unrest among youth who rarely have anything to do. While control over Kashmir has been the contentious issue for India and Pakistan, both the countries have failed to resolve issues to sharing of water bodies. Even if the territories were to be demarcated aptly in order to suit the likings of the local masses, Kashmir presents another problem that is very significant. The Kashmir imbroglio has always been looked upon as a territorial dispute and water sharing have been given little thought to water sharing treaties. Both have so far managed to uphold a World Bank-mediated Indus Water Treaty (IWT) that provides mechanisms for resolving disputes over water sharing.  [29]  One cannot rely on the Treaty being a resolute stance taken by both the countries and any form of water scarcity in any country could lead to non-conformant of the agreement. Hostilities over water sharing between India and its more benevolent neighbor Bangladesh has already started and one can only expect the same relationship between India and Pakistan if any sc arcity arises. The Indus Water Treaty (1960)  [30]  that was intermediated by the World Bank has been able to keep both the parties at ease and the issue has not been the mooting point when peace dialogues have taken place. However one should realize the fact that the situation is still volatile. Over the years the issues concerning India and Pakistan have been Kashmir, insurgency, trade etc. Once these issues get resolved it is very likely that the issues related to water sharing may crop up and give rise to hostility between the two nations. As there is a rapid growth in urbanization there is a scarcity of potable water. Waterlogging, salinity, groundwater depletion and irrigation inefficiency continue to threaten agricultural production  [31]  and the Indus Water Treaty should be strong enough to be insulated from these phenomenon. It is also high time that the two countries looked at each other for support rather than going to international agencies. Both the countries h ave developed significantly over the years and they have sufficient resources to assess their situation better. Relying on the World Bank implies distrust towards each other and a sense of incapability to solve critical issues. Finally both the countries should not resort to any means that destabilizes the region. On the Pakistani side there is the Inter-Services Intelligence that is accused of training militants not only in Kashmir but also in regions bounding Afghanistan. People holding responsible positions in Pakistans administration along with many retired personnel have hinted on the relationship between the Inter-Services Intelligence and the militant groups.  [32]  On the Indian side there is the Research and Analysis Wing that is accused of spying into Pakistan and involving in secret activities. Throughout the Soviet/Afghan War the Research and Analysis Wing was responsible for the planning and execution of terrorist activities in Pakistan to deter Pakistan from support of Afghan liberation movement against Indias ally, the Soviet Union.  [33]  Both sides accuse each other for facilitating bombing activities and resorting to means that destabilizes the region. This should be stopped immedi ately if both countries want to look at a brighter future. Sponsoring terrorism can have a retaliatory effect as illustrated by the Al-Qaeda Pakistan relation today. While Pakistan maintained a cordial relationship with the outfit, the 9/11 episode mandated Pakistan to take steps that would destabilize the group. Pakistan still faces a difficult choice; whether to support the group in order to take advantage of state sponsored terrorism or to completely eradicate the presence of these fundamentalist group from Pakistani soil. The Kashmir conflict has become more complicated since its inception and requires a thorough analysis of the issue in order to come to any definite solution. Moreover it is cannot be tackled by a one dimens

Cratique on Losses Essay -- Essays Papers

Cratique on Losses The Poem â€Å"Losses† written by: Randall Jarrell, who was a poet, literary critic, and teacher, from New Orleans, served in the United States Air Force during World War Two. This helped Randall Receive most of his ideas and material for poems like this one. â€Å"It was not dying: everybody died. It was not dying: we had hied before In the routine crashes-and our fields Called up the papers, wrote home to our folks, And the rates rose, all because of us.† When people died in war it didn’t impact the majority of the people in the United States, they would just contact the papers or whoever sent the letters to there family and went on fighting the war. â€Å"We died on the wrong page of the almanac, Scattered on mountains fifty miles away; Diving on haystacks, fighting with a friend, We blazed up on the lines we never saw.† When Randall referred to people dying on the wrong page of the almanac, this just meant that when people died they were marked down as a casualty of war and not of natural death. Scattered allover the land fitting with a friend or maybe someone they have just met and never saw before. The line they never saw before is the line between them and whom they were fighting. They couldn’t see this line but they new it was there and what was needed to be done to cross this line. The soldiers were not that old, at one point Randall says,† We died like aunts or pets or foreigners. (When we left high school nothing else had di...

Benefits of Vegetarianism :: Healthy Lifestyle Essay

More than 10 billion animals are killed for our plates each year. These animals are drugged and starved each day. Almost none of the animals ever see daylight. Majority of the mothers ever see their young. Shortly after giving birth, the mothers are sent away to cruel veal farms to feed humans their calves. Fish on aquafarms spend their entire life in filthy enclosures. Forty percent of them die because diseases and parasite infections. On some farms, conditions are so horrendous that majority of them die before they can get packaged. But that is not as alarming as what continues. Most of the innocent animals are killed so horrifically, that the poor animals which have only brought goodness, have their throats slit while they are fully conscious. More than fifteen million people in the United States of America are vegetarians. The consumption of eating meat, dairy, and eggs have been strongly linked to Alzheimer’s disease, and asthma. Meat-eaters are nine times more likely to be obese than vegetarians. Animal products clog your arteries, zap your energy and slow down your immune system. Vegetarians have stronger immune systems than their meat-eating friends, making them less vulnerable to everyday illnesses such as colds, and flues. There’s a bonus also to becoming a vegetarian - you live longer on average six to ten years! The oldest person in the world was a vegetarian - living until 117 years! Vegetarians grow taller and have higher IQs than their classmates. They are also at a lower risk for heart diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Even older people who switch to a vegetarian diet can prevent and even reverse chronic mental diseases! Meat-eating is why our teeth grow crooked, and why our jaws are small. Not very many people know exactly what part of the body they are eating. We are actually supposed to be omnivores. Compare our teeth to those of a carnivore. A carnivore’s teeth are used to tear apart meat. Ours are not. We do not have ‘canine teeth’. Animal fat is saturated fat and cholesterol, which both have been linked to various health problems, including heart diseases, and cancer. A group fifteen scientists declared that up to 40 percent of cancers are preventable. Most people think that vegetarians don’t get enough protein. But this is an old wives’ tale. Vegetarians do get enough protein. Is it possible to get enough protein on a vegetarian diet?

The obstacles challenges and opportunities

IntroductionConflict is a fact of life. It surrounds us and is every bit natural as dawn and sunset harmonizing to Warner ( 1997 ) . Conflict exists at all degrees of society in all kinds of state of affairss. Conflict frequently occurs because of a deficiency of regard for one another ‘s demands and positions. It can supply an chance for new societal and political systems to be established and can assist to determine the hereafter.Structure of essayThis essay will get down to depict what the obstructions, challenges and chances confronting pedagogues are when working in societies in struggle and post-conflict state of affairss with mention to Sri Lanka as a chief instance survey and literature associating to instructions responses to conflict.Background of instance survey: Sri LankaThe civil war in Sri Lanka began because of the cultural tensenesss between the bulk Sinhalese and the Tamil minority in the nor'-east. After more than twenty five old ages of force, the struggle ap peared to be at an terminal in May 2009 when authorities forces seized the last country controlled by Tamil Tiger Rebels. It is now clip for Sri Lanka to acquire back to normal with respect to reconstructing the authorities, substructure and instruction. Since investing in cosmopolitan primary instruction, Sri Lanka has gained high rates of registration ( 98.2 % , UNICEF ) and literacy ( 92 % , UNICEF ) . Sri Lanka has one of the most literate populations amongst developing states. This figure is farther being invested in within the Millennium Development Goals with the purpose of holding all primary school aged kids in instruction by 2015.ChallengesTeaching of HistoryThe instruction of the history within the course of study can be a challenge for pedagogues. It was noted by Davis ( 2005 ) that merely ‘some ‘ instructors seize the chance to undertake current events whilst the others lacked assurance or were uneasy in covering with the issues of history, war or terrorist act. Research carried out by Davis ( 2005 ) found that instructors agreed in the chief that pupils wanted and needed to cognize about their states history and their engagement in the war. There was consensus that a complex attack was needed that war ‘is n't about victors and also-rans ‘ , but both sides should be presented and that options to war should be discussed. Although this is ideal for learning history in the course of study, some states and even pedagogues disagree with this attack. In some history or societal scientific discipline text editions, the enemy is described in in writing and minimizing footings and one ‘s ain state is portrayed in epic 1s. Textbooks in Sri Lanka in 1970 ‘s and 1980 ‘s declared the Tamils were the historical enemy of the Sinhalese and stylised the Buddhist Sinhalese, in denial of the historical facts, as the lone legitimate inheritors of the history of Sri Lanka. Although it was stated by Davis ( 2005 ) that both sid es of the struggle should be taught, it is clear that in Sri Lanka there is one sided instruction. Educators in Sri Lanka teach what they believe to be true and it is clear that Tamil and Sinhalese are being taught two different history lessons. For this to better, pedagogues need to experience comfy and besides learn the facts of the struggle themselves before it is taught to the kids. Having lived through the war it is indispensable that kids learn the grounds behind it. By showing kids with both sides, it gives them their ain ideas on the affair. This in bend could take to traverse community undertakings with the two different schools. With the aid and encouragement for pedagogues who teach, alteration can be seen get downing to organize in the future coevals ‘s lives. Other illustrations of the challenge of learning history are in Bosnia and Rwanda. Textbooks in Bosnia in each of the three ‘nations ‘ had portraitures of attackers and victims were ‘not helpful for peace edifice and rapprochement ‘ ( Stabback 2004:60 ) . In Rwanda, the history books portrayed the Tutsi as rich, foreign and oppressive ; kids were indoctrinated to believe in unreal differences. Mitter ( 2001 ) points out for cardinal and Eastern Europe that ‘Teachers have had to undertake exigency state of affairss in their mundane pattern ; in some states this has non yet come to an terminal at all. In all the states it started with call offing certain course of study and withdrawing, or at least choosing application of hitherto valid text editions†¦ in many schools old text editions are still used, with violative documents or transitions eliminated ‘ ( p155 ) . An illustration of where this has been the instance is in Bosnia and Herzegovina w here names and maps have been taken out in black felt tip pen.Gender inequalityOne other challenge pedagogues face is gender inequality. While school registration has increased for kids in most states, the gender spread still persists. In most low-income states, parents are more likely to direct their boies to school. If they do go to, misss are frequently obliged to drop out early. Less than one one-fourth of misss in developing states attend secondary school. It is the civilization of Sri Lanka that the kids follow in the footfalls of their parents. Yemen is an illustration of a state with the lowest female pupils go toing secondary school ( 20 % ) . Many international understandings such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( 1979 ) and the Millennium Development Goals ( 2000 ) have highlighted the demand for states to take action against prejudiced patterns. The increased focal point on adult females and misss since the International Year for Women ( 1975 ) has led to many betterments in the lives of adult females and misss. In Sri Lanka it was found that most pedagogues are female. This is interesting to observe as it is common for misss to drop out of school before university degree. It is a challenge for pedagogues to seek and maintain misss in school. Although most misss do non go to school in distant rural countries, they do still hold the chance for instruction. As Sri Lanka is now a post-conflict state, it is now clip for all kids to derive some instruction so they can alter the lives of future coevalss. Not merely does gender inequality exist in Sri Lanka, it is really common throughout the universe. There is an old Arab Proverb which says ‘a adult male loves foremost his boy, so his camel and so his married woman. ‘ As portion of the forenoon supplication of an Orthodox Jew, it states ‘Lord, I thank thee that I was non born a adult female. ‘ Another quotation mark from Confucius, China ‘It is the jurisprudence of nature that adult females should non be allowed any will of her ain. ‘ From these three quotation marks from around the universe, it is clear to see gender inequality is non uncommon. Although these quotation marks do non straight associate to instruction, it is utile to hold some background information and what other states think or perceive of adult females. For adult females to derive something in life, for illustration a good calling, it takes a batch of difficult work and finding to go something other people do n't believe is possib le.ObstaclesResources availableAn obstruction for pedagogues in struggle state of affairss is the sum of resources there are available. In Sri Lanka in 2004 there was a lay waste toing tsunami which hit the state. This alone left 1000s of kids and instructors in danger and wholly destroyed school edifices and everything in them including books, kids ‘s work and pupil records. Apart from the tsunami there is still a deficiency of resources available for pedagogues to utilize. In schoolrooms in Sri Lanka there is small proviso for Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) . The chief instruction methods pedagogues use is a chalkboard, pen and paper. This is an obstruction that needs to be addressed. It is clear that school registration has non reached 100 % yet so initiatives need to be taken to acquire kids more involved in the school community and promoting them to fall in. If pedagogues overcome this obstruction so the authorities reference this issue, greater proviso for ICT can be made. An enterprise like this one is already being put in topographic point. This will be discussed further in the chances subdivision.Child soldiersEducators besides face the obstruction of kid soldiers. Child soldiers are deprived of their childhood, normal societal interaction and educational chances. The injury they experience frequently leave them with long-run guilt, shame, low self-pride, incubuss and depression. Sudan is recognised as holding one of the worst records of kid soldiers, forcibly enrolling many 1000s every bit immature as 12 old ages old. One-third of kid soldiers in El Salvador, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Uganda are misss. So are 30-40 % of kid battlers in Angola and Sierra Leone. In Sri Lanka, immature Tamil misss, frequently orphans have been consistently conscripted by Tamil Tiger resistance combatants since the mid 1980 ‘s. Their most recent enlisting thrusts in schools have focused on misss. In February 2002 the Optional Protocol to the UN Conv ention on the Rights of the Child in armed struggle came into force. The pact rose the age of mandatory engagement in armed struggles from 15 to eighteen. This represents a important progress in the protection of kids ‘s rights. Child soldiers are a challenge for pedagogues. New enterprises are now put in topographic point in Sri Lanka which attempt and convey back the kids to instruction. Once they are back in school, it is so the pedagogue ‘s occupation to pull off them in a category. As already stated they experience traumas and this has an consequence on their behavior and their attitude towards their equals. Educators need farther preparation on how to get by, promote and manage kids who have gone through injury. This is one obstruction that the Sri Lanka instruction system needs to turn to.OpportunitiesAfter violent struggle, it is frequently hard to see chances for a better hereafter due to widespread devastation of substructures, instruction and supports.Developi ng the course of study for a positive acquisition environmentAn chance that can come from states in struggle or states that are coming out of struggle is the development of the course of study for a positive acquisition environment. This in bend can hold a positive impact on schools, authoritiess, kids and pedagogues themselves for the hereafter. Having contacted a worker in Sri Lanka it was found that ‘Civic Education ‘ has late been introduced to the school course of study. This new enterprise has been provided by the authorities with financess for developing the instruction course of study. Educators now have the chance for heighten their ain personal experiences for reconstructing the hereafter with the aid of the authorities. While implementing new enterprises it gives pedagogues the chance to affect kids in the schoolroom which provides a sense of ownership in their acquisition. It is easier to maintain most kids engaged in a lesson when they are actively a portion of it through treatment, undertakings and other pupil centred activities. Once engaged, kids so begin to make their ain regard for the remainder of the kids in the category. Respect is something which is a possible influence to convey into any schoolroom but particularly of import to convey into a schoolroom where kids have been involved in struggle or are populating in conflict countries. Andrew ( 2008 ) quoted ‘A schoolroom environment that promotes respect starts with pupil engagement, clear outlooks and asperity. ‘ What a great chance for Sri Lankan instructors to acquire involved in. Northern Ireland can be said to hold created a positive acquisition environment in the schoolroom. Educators here have taken the Northern Ireland Revised Curriculum and implemented it into their mundane instruction where interaction is the chief focal point in the kids ‘s development and acquisition. Like Sri Lanka, Northern Ireland provides the chance to learn regard to kids in all Key Stages. In the course of study it states that in Personal Development and Mutual Understanding ( PDMU ) helps kids to go cognizant of the universe beyond their immediate environment and to larn about others from a footing of tolerance, regard and open-mindedness. As stated in the Northern Ireland Revised Curriculum, communicating is besides a focal point in deriving this regard ‘Communication is cardinal to the whole course of study. Students should be able to pass on in order to develop as persons, to show themselves socially, emotionally and physically to prosecute with others and to len d as members of society. Students should be given chances to prosecute with and show the accomplishment of communicating and to reassign their cognition about communicating constructs and accomplishments to existent life and meaningful contexts across the course of study. ‘New engineerings for pedagogues and kidsNot merely are pedagogues implementing new enterprises, the World Bank is besides conveying in new chances which pedagogues can utilize to assist maintain kids interested and focused on their instruction. A new engineering which has been introduced in Northern Ireland over the last five old ages is the Synergistic Whiteboard. Sri Lanka has been donated ten of these Interactive Whiteboards by SMART Technologies in Canada. This is a great chance for farther develop pedagogues and kids ‘s potency. Sri Lanka ‘s pedagogues have been trained to utilize the Interactive Whiteboards by Indian pedagogues who have late implemented this new manner of larning in their s choolroom. Not merely does this supply new engineerings for pedagogues and kids but besides links in India. The World Bank provided the bulk of the support for the One Laptop Per Child Initiative. In December 2009, the Sri Lankan President launched the pilot programme. This programme benefited over four 100 primary schools. The mission of this programme is to guarantee that all school-aged kids are able to prosecute efficaciously with their ain personal laptop networked to the universe. It has been found that these laptops have given kids the chance to larn, accomplish and transform their communities. It has besides been found that wherever the laptop goes, school attending additions dramatically as the kids begin to open their heads and research their ain potency. This is a great chance in which pedagogues can promote kids and immature people to pass on with other communities. Cross-community undertakings can be a portion of this. Educators can construct relationships with other sc hools and gives the chance for larning about other communities in a impersonal environment.DecisionFrom discoursing challenges, obstructions and chances, it is clear that instruction has a cardinal function in the development of kids ‘s personality. The nexus between instruction and struggle is now forthrightly on the Education for All ( EFA ) docket of international educationalists ( Tawil et al, 2004 ) . The EFA motion is a planetary committedness to supply quality basic instruction for all kids, young person and grownups. The motion was launched at the World Conference on EFA in 1990 by UNESCO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and the World Bank. Participants endorsed an ‘expanded vision of larning ‘ and pledged to universalize primary instruction and massively cut down illiteracy by the terminal of the decennary. It is through EFA and aid from other administrations that pedagogues can get down learning kids in struggle and post-conflict state of affairss. Finally, ‘Ed ucation is the most powerful arm which you can utilize to alter the universe ‘ , Nelson Mandela.