Can Punitive Measures Curtail Crime Essay - 841 Words

Crime remains the most pressing problems of all times presenting the biggest challenge to the development of any nation. Apart from the effect of fear of crime and violence of victims, it also has a devastating impact on the society. It is extremely important that all efforts should be made to reduce the level of crime in a society. But the question of concern is what measures can be taken to reduce the level of crime? What types of controls should be used so that the crime rate reduces to an optimal level? This paper will analyze the importance of punitivity in social welfare and as crime control policy. It is essential to understand the concept of punitivty as it is the attitude towards punishment. For example people in U.K. and U.S have†¦show more content†¦To ensure that people abide by these laws, the state again imposes certain regulations. These special regulations are called punishment,. The basic idea of punishment is to protect people and punish those who do not ab ide by the laws. Punishment is a form of social control which his intended to act as a deterrent for people who perform unlawful actions. The effectiveness of punishment depends upon the attitude of people towards punishment. Simply it means whether people are actually afraid of a certain punishment or not. For example the punishment of a murder is death sentence. But the concern is whether this punishment is sufficient to act as a deterrent against murders. The fear of punishment is what is known as punitive attitude. If people have fear of punishment, there is high probability that they will not kill a person. On the other hand, if the punishment is not very harsh for example, a murderer is only imprisoned for two years, then the fear of punishment is likely to be low and the crime arte will be higher in the society. The idea of social control is highly integrated with social welfare. In simple terms, social welfare is intended to promote the well being of individuals living in a society. For example, if the government is providing a certain health facility, the idea is to promote the well being of the people living in that society. The idea of social control such as punishment also intends to protect the people from others. All forms of socialShow MoreRelatedThe Approach of the Drug Policy Research Centre in Uganda1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdrug cases reported and investigated in 2011 were 1,563 compared to 871 cases in 2010 reflecting a 79% increase (Uganda Police, 2011).The increase in use of khat and cannabis has been attributed to underemployment, family disruptions, high rates of crime and affordability (UYDEL, 2009). A new report indicates that the economic cost of loss of productivity from drug-related incarcerations is considerably higher than the cost associated with drug use. In light of this, the prime minister is weighingRead MoreFailure Is A Compromising And Alarming Idea. When Thinking1575 Words   |  7 Pages When thinking about the drug control policy of the past half-century, failure is the only conclusion that one can come to. A dated history of combatting drug abuse with punitive measures has not led to the annihilation of illicit drug use. It has not created safer societies. It has led to the stigmatization and isolation of a substantial proportion of society and stimulated drug crimes. Now it is time to look back and address the negative consequences of past drug control strategies. It is timeRead MoreDream Act Of Texas : The Lone Star State2812 Words   |  12 Pagespopulous state, located in the South Central part of the Unites States. According to the 2010 U.S census, Texas h as a population of 25.1 million inhabitants. Hence, there has been an increase of 4.3 million people since the year 2000 to 2010. This can be traced down to higher maternity rate over the rate of mortality, net immigration and immigration as well as a relatively conducive cost of accommodation. Texas population growth between the year 2000 to 2010 is the greatest growth in the populationRead MoreUnderground Economy4900 Words   |  20 Pagesand becomes progressively larger in those areas where corruption, regulation, or legal monopolies restrict legitimate economic activity. The black or underground economy is the economic activity which is not measured by government statistics. This can include a range of different economic activities not measurable by the government, such as: smuggling alcohol, tobacco and fuel,weaponry prostitution, copyrighted media,illegal drugs. It includes: ââ€" ª Selling goods illegally e.g. criminal goods; Read MoreThesis About â€Å"the Effects of Curfew Hours Among Teenagers†6647 Words   |  27 Pagespractices in the United States, todays curfews also have historical origins. The word  and enactment of curfews for minors in almost 3000 cities in the United States by 1900. It was not until  World War II  that they became a popular way to battle juvenile crime (Lester, as cited in ONeil, 2002). By 1995, 77% of cities with populations greater than 200,000 had some form of juvenile curfew, 60% of which were either enacted or enhanced after 1990.The word curfew   comes from the French term,  courvrefeu, meaningRead MoreBusiness and Small Scale Industries9686 Words   |  39 Pagesentrepreneurship in Nigeria. Introduction A business whether small or big, simple or complex, private or public, etc is created to provide competitive prices. Business in Nigeria has been classified as small, medium and large. However, a small scale industry can be defined by the criteria of project costs, capital, cost turnover by the employee, etc. The federal and state ministries of Industry and Commerce have adopted the criterion of value of installed fixed capital to determine what a small scale industryRead MoreThe Marijuana Growers Guide9909 Words   |  40 Pagesin double brackets (()). Numbers throughout refer to bibliography and are sometimes in brackets, sometimes they aren t. All dates are for northern hemisphere only. Comments on pictures are in curly brackets {}. Please distribute this widely so we can all smoke better marijuana. Legalise marijuana. 4 October 1996 Copying this book was a megamission that took about 3 weeks in the September of 1993. Everything in the book has been copied - even the bibliography. The online version of this guide isRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesF apply to Army National Guard Soldiers when on AD Title 10, for 30 days or more, and in all other cases, Army National Guard Soldiers are governed by NGR 600–21 and NGR 600–22. Portions of this regulation that prescribe specific conduct are punitive, and violations of these provisions may subject offenders to nonjudicial or judicial action under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The equal opportunity terms found in the glossary are applicable only to uniformed personnel. AR 690–600 Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPhysical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Job-Related Mental Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Burnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Violence and Crime in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 External Impacts on Human Resources—Legal Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Equal Employment Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and OtherRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesestablished measures, and discuss problems and issues. Employee turnover is also extremely low in most areas. Transitions in HR management are also paying off in the Bank of Montreal, based in Montreal, Quebec. Emphasizing human resources has involved 35,000 employees in organizational success. This recognition me ant focusing greater attention on the talents of diverse employees working at the bank. Specific efforts were made to expand opportunities for performance targets and measures on such factors

Justification of the American Revolution - 1339 Words

The American Revolution was the uprising of the existing thirteen American colonies to gain independence from Britain in the mid 1700’s. The American colonists began questioning Britain’s authority as early as the French and Indian War. During the French Indian War, the colonies wanted to defend themselves against the French in North America. They asked King George for permission to raise armies in order defend themselves. Although their reason to raise an army was sincere, George II was suspicious of the intentions of the colonial government and disapproved their petition. After the French Indian War, Britain decided to raise money by taxing the American Colonists for reparations. Taxes such as the Stamp and Tea Acts created controversy†¦show more content†¦The Proclamation of 1763 stated that all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains were off-limits to the colonists. The purpose of the proclamation was mainly to stabilize relations with Native North Amer icans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. On March 1765, Parliament passed the Quartering Act which stated that each colonial family must provide the basic needs of soldiers stationed within its borders and to give the soldiers certain items included bedding, cooking utensils, beer or cider. This law was expanded in 1766 and required the assemblies to station soldiers in taverns and unoccupied houses. American Colonist had to use their time and money in order to keep the soldier happy. Also, during this time period, the colonies did not have enough physical paper money to conduct trade because currency could only be obtained through trade as regulated by Great Britain. On September 1, 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act, which gave Britain the control of currency in America. The act prohibited the issue of any new bills and the reissue of existing currency. Parliament was not inclined to regulate the colonial bills but simply abolished them. The colonies were against this because they suffered a trade deficit with Great Britain to begin with and argued that theShow MoreRelatedRacism - A History : The Color Of Money1063 Words   |  5 Pagesslavery existed for years before the slave trade, the documentary illustrates it was the enslavement of Africans that led to racism and the color of skin was used to distinguish races. According to Dr. Barnor Hesse, Associate Professor of African-American Studies at Northwestern University before this time, skin color was not associated with racial attitudes before the colonial powers’ slave trade. He notes in the documentary, â€Å"The burgeoning trade in Africans, however, gave birth to the idea thatRead MoreThe Justification Of The Whiskey Rebellion1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Justification of The Whiskey Rebellion Faced with a large national debt as a result of the war, the newly founded republic, led by George Washington, instituted tariffs on certain domestic goods. The Whiskey Tax proved to be the most controversial of them all, because it targeted those who used whiskey as a method of trade. Unequally taxing the citizens, the Whiskey Tax sparked a rebellion led by the farmers of Western Pennsylvania. By stripping its citizens of their rights, the American republicRead MoreEssay on The First Red Scare1651 Words   |  7 Pagesend Russia was focusing on internal issues. Led by Vladimir Lenin the Bolsheviks embarked on a campaign against the war. Using propaganda which focused on trying to turn the allied troops against their officers Lenin looked to inspire a socialist revolution. The Bolsheviks were also fueled by the poor conditions of the Russian Army. Nicholas II, in a letter to his wife Alexandra, admitted the obstacles that the Russian Army faced, Again that cursed question of shor tage of artillery and rifle ammunitionRead MoreThe Man Of The Modern Conservatism889 Words   |  4 Pagescriticism, or contempt of the French Revolution; assuming so, it is not hard to doubt that he in fact sympathized with the American cause. If he is the true father of the conservatism, then the reader may be surprised to hear that he sided with the colonists; however, his decision makes a sense if we acknowledge that Burke regarded the American Revolution as a revolution that is not too far apart from that of the Glorious Revolution, unlike the French Revolution. 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Domestic American terrorism in the prison and detention systems and governmental reforms are influenced by the mobilization and ethnocentrism abroad. The militarization internationally is justified by the domestic handling of the same cultural issues within the United State borders. The United States has strangely used a near Catch-22 to handle dilemmasRead MoreTaking a Look at the Philippine Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The Philippine Revolution began in 1896 and ended in 1898. Before the start of the revolution, Spain was in control of the Philippines for more that three and a half centuries . During Spanish rule, there was a period of tyranny, misconduct and abuses of the Friars and the Civil and Military Administration exhau sted the patience of the natives and caused them to make a desperate effort to shake off the unbearable galling yoke on August 26, 1896, then commencing the revolution in the provinces

The Town

The Town-Fop Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Aphra Behn NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Works of Aphra Behn, Vol. 3. Ed. Montague Summers. London: Heinemann, 1915. SIR TIMOTHY: I vow to Fortune, Ned, thou must come to London, and be a little manag\d: \slife, Man, shouldst thou talk so aloud in good Company, thou wouldst be counted a strange Fellow. Prettyand drest with Lovea find Figure, by Fortune: No, Ned, the painted Chariot gives a Lustre to every ordinary Face, and makes a Woman look like Quality; Ay, so like, by Fortune, that you shall not know one from t\other, till some scandalous, out-of-favour\d laid-aside Fellow of the Town, cryDamn her for a Bitchhow scornfully the Whore regards meShe has forgot since Jacksuch a one, and I, club\d for the keeping of her, when both our Stocks well manag\d wou\d not amount to above seven Shillings six Pence a week; besides now and then a Treat of a Breast of Mutton from the next Cook\s.Then the other laughs, and crysAy, rot herand tells his Story too, and concludes with, Who manages the Jilt now; Why, faith, some dismal Coxcomb or other, you may be sure, replies the first. But, Ned, these are Rogues, and Rascals, that value no Man\s Reputation, because they despise their own. But faith, I have laid aside all these Vanities, now I have thought of Matrimony; but I desire my Reformation may be a Secret, because, as you know, for a Man of my Address, and the rest\tis not altogether so Jantee.

Quiz 1 Essay Example

Quiz 1 Essay Part 1 of 1 92. 0/ 100. 0 Points Question 1 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Which one of the following is not a system? A. a leaf B. a tree C. a mountain range D. Earth Correct E. All of these are examples of systems Answer Key: E Feedback: See The system concept in Chapter 1. All of the above examples are described as systems. â€Å"A system may be large or small, simple or complex (Figure 1. 6). It could be the contents of the beaker in a laboratory experiment or the contents of an ocean. A leaf is a system, but it is also part of a larger system (a tree), which is part of a still larger system (a forest). â€Å"This figure shows a variety of systems. The entire diagram – mountains, river, lake – is one kind of system known as a watershed. The individual pieces enclosed by boxes, such as the river, are also systems. Even a small volume of water or lake sediment (foreground boxes) can be considered a system. † Figure 1. 6, p. 9 â€Å"The Earth itself is a very close approximation to a closed system. † Question 2 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points In the illustration below, which of the three models depicts an open system? A. Model A B. Model B Correct C. Model C D. Models A and B E. None of the above Answer Key: C Feedback: â€Å"A closed system is one that does not allow matter to pass through its boundaries (but may allow energy). An open system allows both matter and energy to pass through its boundaries. † Question 3 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The figure below depicts the evolution of the solar system. During which stage would the process of nuclear fusion begin? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 Correct C. Stage 3 D. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stage 4 E. Choices 3 and 4 Answer Key: C Feedback: â€Å"3. Contraction raises temperature; process of nuclear fusion begins in central bulge – Sun begins to shine. Outer disk cools – now contains wide swath of rock debris. Larger chunks of debris begin to attract smaller chunks by gravity, thereby growing larger (accretion). † Question 4 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The cloud of gas and dust from which the moons and planets of our solar system eventually formed is called a _____. Correct A. nebula. B. condensation cloud. C. nuclear cloud. D. accretionary nebula. Answer Key: A Feedback: â€Å"The nebular hypothesis, originally formulated by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in 1755 and now widely accepted as the best description of planetary formulation, hypothesizes that the solar system coalesced out of a swirly cloud of interstellar dust and gas called a nebula. † â€Å"Cloud of matter (nebula) begins to contract gravitationally. Process may have been initiated or accelerated by shock waves from supernova explosion (not shown). † Question 5 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Our Sun was born ______ years ago. A. 456 million B. 4. 56 million Correct C. 4. 56 billion D. 45. 6 billion E. None of the above Answer Key: C Feedback: Explained in The Origin of the Solar System. Question 6 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Differentiation of the inner planets probably means that each of the rocky planetary bodies _____. A. started out with a cold exterior that was heated by the sun. B. lost temperature early in its history. C. went through a period with thick atmospheres. Correct D. started out hot enough to melt, either partially or completely. E. Choices 1 and 2 Answer Key: D Feedback: Why is the accretion history of planets important to geologists? Because of the heat generated by collisions, every rocky planet probably started out hot enough to melt either partially or completely. During the period of partial melting, terrestrial planets separated into layers of differing chemical composition, a process called differentiation. Question 7 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Which of the inner planets has an atmosphere too thin to retain much heat and has an average surface temperature of -63 ° Celsius? A. Mercury B. Venus C. Earth Correct D. Mars E. None of the above Answer Key: D Feedback: See Table 1. 1 on page 22. Question 8 of 25 4. 0/ 4. Points The Principle of Uniformitarianism tells us that _____. A. Earth is extremely old B. Earth systems dont change much over geologic time C. the present is the key to the past Correct D. all of the above are true E. Choices A and B Answer Key: D Feedback: pp. 24-25 Question 9 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Over Earth history, though the processes that occur on Earth have not changed, the _____. A. rate s of the different cycles such as the rock cycle and plate tectonics have differed over time. B. temperature and composition of the atmosphere has been dramatically different in the past. C. level of the oceans has fluctuated. D. location of the continents has varied over time. Correct E. All of the above are true. Answer Key: E Feedback: â€Å"When we extrapolate these imperceptibly slow motions over millions of years, we discover a stunning result, which is supported by many decades of scientific observation: Earth’s continents were in very different positions in the past. This leads us to a more sophisticated understanding of Hutton’s principle. The physical processes that occur on Earth have not changed over time, but the physical conditions have changed dramatically. Sea levels drop and rise; the chemical composition of Earth’s atmosphere fluctuates, albeit ever so slowly. The cycles maintain a balance, but in doing so the sizes of the reservoirs of the Earth system may change and the speed of cycles and processes may increase or decrease. This is an especially important lesson today, when it appears our planet has entered a period of human mediated climatic change. † Question 10 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The study of geology is important to human society because _____. A. Earth materials and processes affect our lives through our dependence on Earth resources B. f a need to understand geologic hazards such as volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes C. it is important to understand the physical properties of the natural environment Correct D. All of the above are important reasons to study geology E. Choices 2 and 3 Answer Key: D Feedback: â€Å"We need to understand Earth materials because we depend on them for all of our material resources-the minerals, rocks, and metals with which we construct our built environment; the energy with which we run it; the soil that supports agriculture and other plant life; and the air and water that sustain life itself. â€Å"Some Earth processes are hazardous-that is, damaging to human interests. These geological hazards include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, hurricanes, floods, and even meteorite impacts. The more we know about these hazardous processes, the more successful we will be in protecting ourselves from future natural disasters. Question 11 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points In the illustration below, the part of the atom that has a negative charge is referred to as the A. first electron energy level. B. second electron energy level. Correct C. electron. D. proton. E. none of the above. Answer Key: C Feedback: See Figure 2. 1 on page 36. Question 12 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The mass number of an atom is Correct A. the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. B. the number of protons in the nucleus. C. the number of neutrons in the nucleus. D. the number of electron energy levels. E. the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. Answer Key: A Feedback: â€Å"The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is the mass number. † Question 13 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points What type of weak bond results from asymmetry in charge distribution? A. covalent bond B. metallic bond C. ionic bond Correct D. Van der Waals bond E. none of the above. Answer Key: D Feedback: â€Å"Van de Waals bonding: A weak attraction can occur between electrically neutral molecules that have an asymmetrical charge distribution. The positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule. For example, the carbon atoms in graphite form sheets in which each carbon atom has strong covalent bonds with three neighbors. The bonds between sheets are weak. This is why graphite feels slippery when you rub it between your fingers. † Figure 2. 3, page 39 Question 14 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Why is steel not considered a mineral? A. it is organic Correct B. it is man made C. it doesnt have a crystalline structure D. All of the above E. None of the above Answer Key: B Feedback: A mineral is a naturally formed, solid, inorganic, substance with a characteristic crystal structure and a specific chemical composition. Steel fails the first of the four tests for a mineral because it is man-made, not naturally formed. Question 15 of 25 0. 0/ 4. 0 Points The natural samples of corundum pictured below show variations of color from red (ruby) to blue (sapphire). The differences in color is best explained by A. polymerization Incorrect B. crystal structure C. the principle of atomic substituion D. polymorphism E. Choices 3 and 4 Answer Key: C Feedback: â€Å"A mineral’s color is determined by several factors, but the main determinant is chemical composition. † The color of a mineral, though often striking, is not a reliable means of identification. A mineral’s color is determined by several factors, but the main determinant is chemical composition. Some elements can create strong color effects, even when they are present only as trace impurities. For example, the mineral corundum is commonly white or grayish, but when small amounts of chromium are present as a result of atomic substitution of Cr3+ for Al3+, corundum is blood red and is given the name ruby. Similarly, when small amounts of iron and titanium are present, the corundum is deep blue, producing another gem, sapphire. Question 16 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points What element bonds with a silicon atom to form the silicate tetrahedron? A. chloride B. hydrogen C. oxygen and hydrogen D. arbon Correct E. none of the above Answer Key: E Feedback: Figure 2. 12 (there are no hydrogen atoms, only Si and oxygen); â€Å"Two silica tetrahedral can bond by sharing an oxygen atom. This process can be repeated over and over, with the silica anions assembling themselves into large, complex, linked structures called polymers. † Question 17 of 25 0. 0/ 4. 0 Points Which silicate structur e results in a hard, tough mineral that is resistant to wear? A. single tetrahedron B. hexagonal ring Incorrect C. sheet D. framework E. single chain Answer Key: D Feedback: figure 2. 14 Question 18 of 25 4. / 4. 0 Points Which rock sample is formed from cooling and solidifying magma? Correct A. Sample A. B. Sample B. C. Sample C. D. None of the above answers are correct. E. Choices 1 and 2 Answer Key: A Feedback: Igneous rocks form by the cooling and solidification of magma. See also 2. 16 on page 57 for figure that matches the figure associated with this question. Question 19 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The branch of geology that deals with understanding the processes which operate at or beneath the surface of Earth and the materials on which those processes act is called Correctphysical geology. Answer Key: physical Feedback: â€Å"Physical geology is concerned with understanding the processes that operate at or beneath the surface of Earth and the materials on which those processes operate. † p. 4 Question 20 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The principle of Correctuniformitarianism tells us that the present is the key to the past. Answer Key: uniformit* Feedback: Uniformitarianism: The concept processes governing the Earth system today have operated in a similar manner through geologic time. The Principle of Uniformitarianism was developed by James Hutton. Question 21 of 25 4. / 4. 0 Points The smallest particle that retains all of the chemical properties of an element is called a(n) Correctatom ? Answer Key: atom Feedback: â€Å"atom: The smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive chemical properties of an element. † Question 22 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound is called a(n) Correc tmolecule ? Answer Key: molecule Feedback: â€Å"molecule: The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound. † Question 23 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The property of a mineral that relates how heavy it is for its size is referred to as Correctdensity ? Answer Key: density Feedback: Another important physical property of a mineral is how light or heavy it feels. Two equal-sized baskets have different weights when one is filled with feathers and the other with rocks, because the rocks have greater density than the feathers. Minerals that have a high density, such as gold, have closely packed atoms. Minerals with a low density, such as ice, have less closely packed atoms. Question 24 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The most common mineral family is called the Correctsilicate minerals. Answer Key: silicat* Feedback: â€Å"Not only are silicates the most common minerals and the main rock-formers, they also have an unusual diversity of atomic structures. † p. 52 Question 25 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The principle of Correctatomic substitution is an exception to the rule that minerals have a specific chemical formula. Answer Key: atomic Feedback: â€Å"A complication to the rule that a mineral must have a specific chemical composition arises from a phenomenon called atomic substitution. † p. 42 Quiz 1 Essay Example Quiz 1 Essay Part 1 of 1 92. 0/ 100. 0 Points Question 1 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Which one of the following is not a system? A. a leaf B. a tree C. a mountain range D. Earth Correct E. All of these are examples of systems Answer Key: E Feedback: See The system concept in Chapter 1. All of the above examples are described as systems. â€Å"A system may be large or small, simple or complex (Figure 1. 6). It could be the contents of the beaker in a laboratory experiment or the contents of an ocean. A leaf is a system, but it is also part of a larger system (a tree), which is part of a still larger system (a forest). â€Å"This figure shows a variety of systems. The entire diagram – mountains, river, lake – is one kind of system known as a watershed. The individual pieces enclosed by boxes, such as the river, are also systems. Even a small volume of water or lake sediment (foreground boxes) can be considered a system. † Figure 1. 6, p. 9 â€Å"The Earth itself is a very close approximation to a closed system. † Question 2 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points In the illustration below, which of the three models depicts an open system? A. Model A B. Model B Correct C. Model C D. Models A and B E. None of the above Answer Key: C Feedback: â€Å"A closed system is one that does not allow matter to pass through its boundaries (but may allow energy). An open system allows both matter and energy to pass through its boundaries. † Question 3 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The figure below depicts the evolution of the solar system. During which stage would the process of nuclear fusion begin? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 Correct C. Stage 3 D. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 1 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stage 4 E. Choices 3 and 4 Answer Key: C Feedback: â€Å"3. Contraction raises temperature; process of nuclear fusion begins in central bulge – Sun begins to shine. Outer disk cools – now contains wide swath of rock debris. Larger chunks of debris begin to attract smaller chunks by gravity, thereby growing larger (accretion). † Question 4 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The cloud of gas and dust from which the moons and planets of our solar system eventually formed is called a _____. Correct A. nebula. B. condensation cloud. C. nuclear cloud. D. accretionary nebula. Answer Key: A Feedback: â€Å"The nebular hypothesis, originally formulated by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in 1755 and now widely accepted as the best description of planetary formulation, hypothesizes that the solar system coalesced out of a swirly cloud of interstellar dust and gas called a nebula. † â€Å"Cloud of matter (nebula) begins to contract gravitationally. Process may have been initiated or accelerated by shock waves from supernova explosion (not shown). † Question 5 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Our Sun was born ______ years ago. A. 456 million B. 4. 56 million Correct C. 4. 56 billion D. 45. 6 billion E. None of the above Answer Key: C Feedback: Explained in The Origin of the Solar System. Question 6 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Differentiation of the inner planets probably means that each of the rocky planetary bodies _____. A. started out with a cold exterior that was heated by the sun. B. lost temperature early in its history. C. went through a period with thick atmospheres. Correct D. started out hot enough to melt, either partially or completely. E. Choices 1 and 2 Answer Key: D Feedback: Why is the accretion history of planets important to geologists? Because of the heat generated by collisions, every rocky planet probably started out hot enough to melt either partially or completely. During the period of partial melting, terrestrial planets separated into layers of differing chemical composition, a process called differentiation. Question 7 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Which of the inner planets has an atmosphere too thin to retain much heat and has an average surface temperature of -63 ° Celsius? A. Mercury B. Venus C. Earth Correct D. Mars E. None of the above Answer Key: D Feedback: See Table 1. 1 on page 22. Question 8 of 25 4. 0/ 4. Points The Principle of Uniformitarianism tells us that _____. A. Earth is extremely old B. Earth systems dont change much over geologic time C. the present is the key to the past Correct D. all of the above are true E. Choices A and B Answer Key: D Feedback: pp. 24-25 Question 9 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Over Earth history, though the processes that occur on Earth have not changed, the _____. A. rate s of the different cycles such as the rock cycle and plate tectonics have differed over time. B. temperature and composition of the atmosphere has been dramatically different in the past. C. level of the oceans has fluctuated. D. location of the continents has varied over time. Correct E. All of the above are true. Answer Key: E Feedback: â€Å"When we extrapolate these imperceptibly slow motions over millions of years, we discover a stunning result, which is supported by many decades of scientific observation: Earth’s continents were in very different positions in the past. This leads us to a more sophisticated understanding of Hutton’s principle. The physical processes that occur on Earth have not changed over time, but the physical conditions have changed dramatically. Sea levels drop and rise; the chemical composition of Earth’s atmosphere fluctuates, albeit ever so slowly. The cycles maintain a balance, but in doing so the sizes of the reservoirs of the Earth system may change and the speed of cycles and processes may increase or decrease. This is an especially important lesson today, when it appears our planet has entered a period of human mediated climatic change. † Question 10 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The study of geology is important to human society because _____. A. Earth materials and processes affect our lives through our dependence on Earth resources B. f a need to understand geologic hazards such as volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes C. it is important to understand the physical properties of the natural environment Correct D. All of the above are important reasons to study geology E. Choices 2 and 3 Answer Key: D Feedback: â€Å"We need to understand Earth materials because we depend on them for all of our material resources-the minerals, rocks, and metals with which we construct our built environment; the energy with which we run it; the soil that supports agriculture and other plant life; and the air and water that sustain life itself. â€Å"Some Earth processes are hazardous-that is, damaging to human interests. These geological hazards include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, hurricanes, floods, and even meteorite impacts. The more we know about these hazardous processes, the more successful we will be in protecting ourselves from future natural disasters. Question 11 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points In the illustration below, the part of the atom that has a negative charge is referred to as the A. first electron energy level. B. second electron energy level. Correct C. electron. D. proton. E. none of the above. Answer Key: C Feedback: See Figure 2. 1 on page 36. Question 12 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The mass number of an atom is Correct A. the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. B. the number of protons in the nucleus. C. the number of neutrons in the nucleus. D. the number of electron energy levels. E. the number of electrons in the outermost energy level. Answer Key: A Feedback: â€Å"The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is the mass number. † Question 13 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points What type of weak bond results from asymmetry in charge distribution? A. covalent bond B. metallic bond C. ionic bond Correct D. Van der Waals bond E. none of the above. Answer Key: D Feedback: â€Å"Van de Waals bonding: A weak attraction can occur between electrically neutral molecules that have an asymmetrical charge distribution. The positive end of one molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule. For example, the carbon atoms in graphite form sheets in which each carbon atom has strong covalent bonds with three neighbors. The bonds between sheets are weak. This is why graphite feels slippery when you rub it between your fingers. † Figure 2. 3, page 39 Question 14 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points Why is steel not considered a mineral? A. it is organic Correct B. it is man made C. it doesnt have a crystalline structure D. All of the above E. None of the above Answer Key: B Feedback: A mineral is a naturally formed, solid, inorganic, substance with a characteristic crystal structure and a specific chemical composition. Steel fails the first of the four tests for a mineral because it is man-made, not naturally formed. Question 15 of 25 0. 0/ 4. 0 Points The natural samples of corundum pictured below show variations of color from red (ruby) to blue (sapphire). The differences in color is best explained by A. polymerization Incorrect B. crystal structure C. the principle of atomic substituion D. polymorphism E. Choices 3 and 4 Answer Key: C Feedback: â€Å"A mineral’s color is determined by several factors, but the main determinant is chemical composition. † The color of a mineral, though often striking, is not a reliable means of identification. A mineral’s color is determined by several factors, but the main determinant is chemical composition. Some elements can create strong color effects, even when they are present only as trace impurities. For example, the mineral corundum is commonly white or grayish, but when small amounts of chromium are present as a result of atomic substitution of Cr3+ for Al3+, corundum is blood red and is given the name ruby. Similarly, when small amounts of iron and titanium are present, the corundum is deep blue, producing another gem, sapphire. Question 16 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points What element bonds with a silicon atom to form the silicate tetrahedron? A. chloride B. hydrogen C. oxygen and hydrogen D. arbon Correct E. none of the above Answer Key: E Feedback: Figure 2. 12 (there are no hydrogen atoms, only Si and oxygen); â€Å"Two silica tetrahedral can bond by sharing an oxygen atom. This process can be repeated over and over, with the silica anions assembling themselves into large, complex, linked structures called polymers. † Question 17 of 25 0. 0/ 4. 0 Points Which silicate structur e results in a hard, tough mineral that is resistant to wear? A. single tetrahedron B. hexagonal ring Incorrect C. sheet D. framework E. single chain Answer Key: D Feedback: figure 2. 14 Question 18 of 25 4. / 4. 0 Points Which rock sample is formed from cooling and solidifying magma? Correct A. Sample A. B. Sample B. C. Sample C. D. None of the above answers are correct. E. Choices 1 and 2 Answer Key: A Feedback: Igneous rocks form by the cooling and solidification of magma. See also 2. 16 on page 57 for figure that matches the figure associated with this question. Question 19 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The branch of geology that deals with understanding the processes which operate at or beneath the surface of Earth and the materials on which those processes act is called Correctphysical geology. Answer Key: physical Feedback: â€Å"Physical geology is concerned with understanding the processes that operate at or beneath the surface of Earth and the materials on which those processes operate. † p. 4 Question 20 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The principle of Correctuniformitarianism tells us that the present is the key to the past. Answer Key: uniformit* Feedback: Uniformitarianism: The concept processes governing the Earth system today have operated in a similar manner through geologic time. The Principle of Uniformitarianism was developed by James Hutton. Question 21 of 25 4. / 4. 0 Points The smallest particle that retains all of the chemical properties of an element is called a(n) Correctatom ? Answer Key: atom Feedback: â€Å"atom: The smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive chemical properties of an element. † Question 22 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound is called a(n) Correc tmolecule ? Answer Key: molecule Feedback: â€Å"molecule: The smallest chemical unit that has all the properties of a particular compound. † Question 23 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The property of a mineral that relates how heavy it is for its size is referred to as Correctdensity ? Answer Key: density Feedback: Another important physical property of a mineral is how light or heavy it feels. Two equal-sized baskets have different weights when one is filled with feathers and the other with rocks, because the rocks have greater density than the feathers. Minerals that have a high density, such as gold, have closely packed atoms. Minerals with a low density, such as ice, have less closely packed atoms. Question 24 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The most common mineral family is called the Correctsilicate minerals. Answer Key: silicat* Feedback: â€Å"Not only are silicates the most common minerals and the main rock-formers, they also have an unusual diversity of atomic structures. † p. 52 Question 25 of 25 4. 0/ 4. 0 Points The principle of Correctatomic substitution is an exception to the rule that minerals have a specific chemical formula. Answer Key: atomic Feedback: â€Å"A complication to the rule that a mineral must have a specific chemical composition arises from a phenomenon called atomic substitution. † p. 42

The Idea of the Human As Seen by Golding and Shakespeare †English Essay

The Idea of the Human As Seen by Golding and Shakespeare – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Idea of the Human As Seen by Golding and Shakespeare English Essay To come to a view of human behavior, one must have a theory of psychology of how we act, and why we do so. This theory would probably stem from one of two things, it could stem from introspection, the analysis of oneself and thus pulling conclusions from this and making generalizations about others, from seeing your own reasoning of why you do things. Of course this would require relatively little amount of delusion to be able to do intelligently. Another way would be outrospection or the analysis of the behaviors of others in their environment. Both of these writers come from very different periods in time, and so it is expected that the mentality would differ greatly, and thus any way they would decide to analyze human behavior will vastly differ for each, as the mentality for the time periods will be different but it seems more plausible for Golding to have used outrospection, especially considering the historical accounts that had taken place, where the wars were much more traumatizing. Being subject of his environment, Goldings view of the human species seems to be much darker then Shakespeare’s. So dark that his book almost comes across as a warning to take accountability for our actions and behavior before were forced to take responsibility for them where the outcome might not have been as good as if we had willingly done so. Though we cant be positive as his view of humans, we can assume that the way these writers view humans and human psychology, is interpreted through their books, and going off of this assumption we can imagine what they think of humans. On page 195 of Goldings Inheritors Lok has discovered the use of similes and begins to make a systematic chain of similes describing the people. He begins by saying The people are like a famished wolf in the hollow of a tree., where people were hungry but were frightened of the world and others, this is how most of us are when we are born, we tend to cling to our mother or father because we are scared of the outside, and would rather stay in the hollow of a tree, where we know its safe. Eventually we trickle out, when we become more comfortable with the world. After being accustomed to the world around us, people go from what was once sweet to becoming the new honey that smells of dead things and fire which represents their fall to corruptions. This co rruption and greed soon ensues the hunger for power, where we were once content with being hungry for knowledge, we now become hungry for possessions and power, and let nothing stand in our way like the river and the fall. After so much false sense of power, and possessions, and domination at the expense of others, we ultimately succumb to our delusion, and start to believe that all these newly conquered and acquired things give us more power, enough to make us believe we are even god. The new people have no hesitation to kill other human beings, where even attacking another human was unfathomable in Lok’s world, now he sees humans take the lives of other humans. If this were to be seen from an outside source such as Lok, this could easily be portrayed as extreme arrogance, to think one would hold himself above other’s enough to deem themselves able to take lives away from people, surely only Oa would have such power. All of these sentences individually represent his view of humans, but I believe his true vision of humans is seen when all these are strung together to give a chronological view of human evolution which will ultimately lead us to our own demise. Shakespeare doesnt seem to have such a negative view of humans and seems to have more faith in the human race then Golding as seen in Much Ado About Nothing. Of course he acknowledges that there will always be the good and the bad in the world, the same duality that we saw in Inheritors, but on that same note Shakespeare seems to think that as long as one perseveres, that truth and good will always prevail. Shakespeare shows us such huge dualities in personality such as Benedict and Beatrice in respect to Hero and Claudio, where the former seems to have a more cynical view of the respective sex, we start seeing some dramatic changes in both of them. It seems that Shakespeare believes, even if one is more negative to begin with, they will gravitate towards goodness, this is also shown when Boracio and Conrade are caught in the streets talking about how they just conned Don Pedro and Claudio in thinking they it was Hero in the window and are caught by Verges and Dogberry. They could have kept it a secret and lied, but in the name of the greater good, for their honor, they told the truth. In a world where honor, truth, and virtue are above all, what would be more damaging then removing and this is exactly what Don John and Boracio attempt to do to Hero by making her appear as someone who is unfaithful. This indicates that Shakespeare does not only think that one can go from bad to good (as seen by Boracio and Conrade, and to a lesser degree Benedict and Beatrice) but that some are intrinsically born with these qualities such as in Hero who comes across as being very serene and pure. One of the underlying themes in both cases is the change or the evolution of the people. Golding seems more to want to tell us that the evolution shown in the book, becoming the new people a much greater evil, is what has happened. In Golding’s world men are seen as corruptible and will eventually fall to this corruption, as dominating and power hungry creatures. We went from being very peaceful and being so innocent to something with ambitions to conquer others, while most of the change that occurs in Much Ado About Nothing seem to be much more positive. It never seemed like a personality trait of Boracio’s or Conrade’s that they would admit to saying the truth to anything and yet we see them say the truth even though it puts them at risk, a sacrifice for truth. Nor did we ever expect Benedict or Beatrice to ever fall in love, even more so with each other, because of their radical views in regards to the opposite sex. But truth and good prevailed in the end. Research Papers on The Idea of the Human As Seen by Golding and Shakespeare - English EssayMind TravelEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionGenetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnThree Concepts of PsychodynamicStandardized TestingCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

5 Cases of Too Few or Too Many Hyphens

5 Cases of Too Few or Too Many Hyphens 5 Cases of Too Few or Too Many Hyphens 5 Cases of Too Few or Too Many Hyphens By Mark Nichol When it comes to hyphenation, prose often suffers from the Goldilocks effect: either too much or too little, but seldom just right. Here are some erroneously constructed elements along with repaired revisions that let them eat, sit, or sleep with contentment. 1. â€Å"Scientists have found that a second, as-yet smaller wave of mussel extinctions followed in the late twentieth century.† The key point is not a smaller wave that is as yet that makes no sense. The reference is to a wave that is as yet, or up to now, smaller; it’s an as-yet-smaller wave: â€Å"Scientists have found that a second, as-yet-smaller wave of mussel extinctions followed in the late twentieth century.† 2. â€Å"They criticized the arbitrary measures taken so far on the air-travel security front.† The front in question is not a security front pertaining to air travel; it is a front pertaining to air-travel security. For that reason, security should be linked to â€Å"air travel† to modify front as one unit: â€Å"They criticized the arbitrary measures taken so far on the air-travel-security front.† (The progression is â€Å"air travel† to â€Å"air-travel security† to â€Å" air-travel-security front.†) In order to avoid an adjective stack, a writer could, with slightly more formality, conversely relax the sentence to read, â€Å"They criticized the arbitrary measures taken so far in the area of air-travel security† (or â€Å". . . in the area of security during air travel†). 3. â€Å"We offer an industry leading cloud based property management solution.† This sentence seems to cry out for a handout of hyphens to link pairs of words (â€Å"industry-leading,† â€Å"cloud-based,† â€Å"property-management†). But that solution ignores the fact that with or without the requisite hyphens to link words to form hyphenated compounds, this sentence is an adjective-stacking train wreck. Let’s turn this loco locomotive around: â€Å"We offer a cloud-based solution for property management that leads the industry.† (It’s still empty-headed branding gobbledygook, but it’s relaxed empty-headed branding gobbledygook.) 4. â€Å"That’s enough to power about 90 percent of a 1,500-square foot home.† This sentence is not about the energy needs of a foot home that consists of 1,500 squares; it’s about the energy needs of a home that encompasses 1,500 square feet. Those three words pertaining to horizontal area should all be hyphenated to form a three-car train modifying home: â€Å"That’s enough to power about 90 percent of a 1,500-square-foot home.† 5. â€Å"They are turning a blind eye to what their low and middle ranking members do on the streets.† This writer evidently forgot what he or she had ever learned about suspensive hyphenation and simply omitted any hyphens. One more time: â€Å"low and middle rank members† is slight shorthand for â€Å"low-ranking members† and â€Å"middle-ranking members.† To signal that ranking applies to low as well as middle, low retains a hyphen in spite of the omission of the first iteration of ranking: â€Å"They are turning a blind eye to what their low- and middle-ranking members do on the streets.† (Because â€Å"low-[ranking members]† and â€Å"middle-ranking members† are separate items, â€Å"low-and-middle-ranking members† is wrong.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceBest Websites to Learn English10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Rip Van Winkle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rip Van Winkle - Essay Example ‘Rip Van Winkle’ (Irving, 1996) He was a very productive writer and that is the reason why he was able to become wealthy as a professional writer. As rightly quoted by (Wagenknecht, 1962) Washington Irving was an expert stylist and other writers took him as a model. The mainstay of Irving’s stories lies in the depiction of his characters which draws the reader to identify himself with it, and how he views the world and interacts with it. The character of Rip Van Winkle is unique and brings out the essence of realization that the author tries to bring to his reading audience. â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† sets the terms for what was to come in the following years, especially for male authors (Wagenknecht,1962) Most female writers dedicated themselves to writing sentimental novels, while male writers preferred Gothic and Historical themes (Wagenknecht, 1962) In making a comparison between sentimental and romantic themes (Bryant, 2009) states that the ‘historical romance was fond of setting the Rip Van Winkle marks the ushering in of American literature with a narrative framework and this pattern of masculine fiction is seen crystallized in the story of â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† who goes to sleep for a 100 years, only to wake up and find a very different world around him. This story is also Ð ° reflection of people who lived in Europe and decided to migrate to America, an unknown land – ‘to the savage side’ (Bryant, 2009) Rip is not very comfortable with women and ‘he is unhappy with his wife and decides to live on his own.’ (Irving, 1996) He also takes his dog with him named â€Å"Wolf† (Irving, 1996) The protagonist satisfies two of his desires – escaping from society and also escaping from the institution of marriage. However, the hero comes back to society after Ð ° transforming experience and then we see the characteristic changes in his persona (Wagenknecht,1962) Rip Van Winkle is a well constructed story that opens with a panoramic view of the serene

Capitalization requirement and efficiency Essay

Capitalization requirement and efficiency - Essay Example This issue is highlighted in the study of Ahmed et al. (2001) where it is noted that ‘Islamic banks perform both commercial and investment banking services but do not establish firewalls to separate these two services legally, financially, and managerially’ (Ahmed et al., 2001, p.169); in accordance with the above researchers the effectiveness of Islamic banks could be increased if their activities were appropriately categorized and distributed among different organizational departments. On the other hand, Chong et al. (2009, 125) state that the most important characteristic of traditional Islamic banking is the Profit and Loss Share scheme – in Islamic banks there is no interest on transactions, a fact that differentiates these banks from Conventional ones; the daily functions of Islamic banks have to be aligned accordingly. Through the study of Chong et al. (2009) it has been also proved that the use of PLS scheme in Islamic banks worldwide has been limited under the influence of the Conventional-banks practice of offering interest on investments and transactions; through this way, it is proposed by Chong et al. (2009) that the rules regulating the activities of Islamic banks worldwide would be changed and introduce similar principles with those applied on Conventional banks. The need for update of the existing operational principles of Islamic banks has been highlighted by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions; the abo ve organization has proposed the development of ‘accounting standards for Islamic investment vehicles and the conduction of related training and publicity’ (Pomeranz, 1997, p.123); in other words, the weaknesses of the current Islamic banking system are recognized; however, it is noted that the improvement of Islamic banking system should be developed independently from the Conventional banking, i.e. through the establishment of principles and practices that they will

Sexuality & bipolar Essay Example for Free

Sexuality bipolar Essay Sexuality as we know it has always been bipolar in its categories: the masculine and the feminine. People are then placed in these categories according to their anatomy, with pre-set expectations placed on them on how they would act and eventually mature. For example, it is unacceptable for women to smoke cigars, repair cars and wear moustache while men are not supposed to be doing housework, carry purses, wear nail polish and cry in public (Kunkel 283). Yet what we take for granted is our knowledge that sexuality is not bipolar and the practices that seem innocent yet oppressive, limiting and binding on our insights. For example, if one would look at a greeting card section, one will find that most of the cards are focused mainly on two categories, for mothers, sisters, aunts and grandmothers for the feminine category and fathers, grandfathers, uncles and brothers for the male. The only remotely gender neutral cards were for friends yet even they weren’t entirely neutral since their colors and design corresponds to what is viewed by society as acceptable for what males and females would like, i. e. , cards directed at women receivers tend to receive cards that are pink or pastel colored with a flowery or â€Å"cute† design. Male receivers on the other hand mostly receive blue and other masculine colors with a sporty motif. Most cards dealing with relationships depict heterosexual couples and labels such as husband and wife, girlfriend and boyfriend and such. On the other hand, depictions of homosexual couples are virtually invisible; a few cards brandishing love quotes are the only ones who are gender neutral. If a homosexual wishes to buy a card for his/her partner, his /her only option is to focus on the love section and a few of the romance. He/she would have to take care to choose the depictions on the cards as well. The reason for the invisibility of the other forms of sexuality is due to the fact that society views heterosexuality as the norm and homosexuality is deviant (Cruz 1012). Homosexuality is viewed as biologically abnormal, pathological, and anti-nature since its very principle clashes with the idea of pro-creation. Society has created labels and borders to prevent the homosexuals from being visible. One example is the categories of relationships with heterosexual anniversaries, marriages and such. In a marriage, there is a label of â€Å"husband† and â€Å"wife†, the male taking the former and the female the latter; same-sex marriages, while still being debated whether it should be legalized or not, possesses no such labels in the relationship. In contrast, the idea heteronormativity has labeled same-sex couples with derogatory names, to mark them as inappropriate behavior and be categorized as sexually deviant. (Kunkel 289). In effect, people tend to reject and persecute them, giving the deviants neither room nor niche to challenge the status quo. In one hour of television, commercials always show images of heterosexual couples in their respective niches in the crowd. Although homosexuals are portrayed in reality shows, there is no hint of their relationships with the other characters on screen. If there is a hint, it is usually downplayed and censored. Heterosexual couples however, are celebrated and objectified. There is virtually no same-sex couple that is depicted even if the media is one of the most influential driving forces in forwarding awareness of these same-sex couples. It is interesting to note that even if people are claiming that they are tolerant and accept same-sex couples, same-sex couples are still â€Å"invisible†. Heteronormativity is driven by gender roles that are imposed by society’s bipolar expectations. Its pervasiveness can be attributed to the fact that since a community is held together by unwritten laws such as norms and taboos, it is safe to assume that society is threatened by these sexually deviant individuals thus heteronormativity is more pronounced and enforced. Heterosexism, in a way, is a cord that binds our society together, yet in return it sets boundaries and insists that it is the norm. Heteronormativity itself does not empower heterosexuals and robs the power from same sex individuals; rather, it limits both parties and disempower them since they are stuck in their labels and categories, with no room to maneuver about. People believe that it is so since other forms of sexuality are invisible and are conditioned to think in the bipolar manner. Heteronormativity is everywhere since society has its own set rules and status quo that is hard to neither displace nor challenge and heteronormativity has been present ever since the formation of such communities. WORKS CITED Cruz, David B. â€Å"Disestablishing Sex and Gender. † California Law Review Vol. 90 (2002): 997-1086 Kunkel, Charlotte A. and Nielson, Joyce McCarl and Walden, Glenda. â€Å"Gendered Heteronormativity: Empirical Illustrations in Everyday Life. † The Sociological Quarterly. Vol. 41 (2000): 283-296

Minor Characters Impact on Willy Loman in Arthur Millers play, Death

Minor Characters' Impact on Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's play, Death of a Salesman In the Arthur Miller play Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman comes in contact with several characters, many of whom prompt him to examine his past as well as his conscience. Charley's son Bernard is such a character. Lacking dimension and depth of character, Bernard functions primarily as a foil to expose Willy's tragic and pathetic nature. The other characters have no real interaction with Willy that would allow for development. During Willy's first flashback, Bernard appears only to remind Biff of the Regents exam. Willy refers to Bernard as a "pest" and an "anemic," and Biff mimics his father by saying that Bernard is "liked, but not well liked." Despite Bernard's academic talents, Willy and his ...

Factor affecting pulse rate Essay

Our heart is a muscle. It’s located a little to the left of the middle of our chest, and it’s about the size of our fist. There are lots of muscles all over our body — in our arms, in our legs, in our back etc. But the heart muscle is special because of what it does. The heart sends blood around our body. The blood provides our body with the oxygen and nutrients it needs. It also carries away waste. Our heart is sort of like a pump or two pumps in one. The right side of our heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of the heart does the exact opposite: It receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Every time when blood travels through heart it produces a sound called lub-dub. Lub happens when the upper chambers of the heart contract to squeeze the blood downward into the ventricles. A dub happens when the lower chambers contract. Every time the lower chambers of the heart contract, the blood in the left ventricle rushes upward into the aorta. It quickly speeds away from the heart causing the aorta to expand as it passes. As the blood races along, some of it pushes into the first artery that branches off from the aorta. Some of the blood enters the next artery. The blood from each contraction of the heart produces a bulge in the artery. This bulge of the arteries is called a pulse. One pulse is equal to one Heartbeat. The rate at which heart beats is called pulse rate. It can be varied by various factors such as:- Body Build and Size. A short, fat person may have a higher rate than a tall, slender person. The larger the size, the slower the rate. For example, a grizzly bear has a heart rate of about 30 beats a minute while a hummingbird’s is about 200 beats per minute. Gender: a woman’s heart rate is generally faster than a man’s. Age: generally the younger a person is, the faster the heart rate. An infant’s heart rate is about 120 beats per minute; a child’s is around 100; an adult’s is between 70 and 80; an elderly person generally hovers in the 60s. Exercise and Muscular Activity. An  increase in pulse rate will occur with increased activity to meet increased oxygen and nutrient demands. A regular aerobic exercise program can lower the resting pulse. A person, who exercises a great deal, such as an athlete, will develop bradycardia that is a normal, health condition. The body slows the heartbeat to compensate for the greater volume of blood pumped with each beat. Emotional Status. Fear, anger, and anxiety will all increase the pulse rate. Hormones: influence heart rate, especially epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones, all of which can increase the rate. Pathology: certain diseases affect heart rate, causing it either to slow or to race. Medications and drugs: Stimulants will increase the pulse rate; depressants will decrease the pulse rate. For example, Digitalis slows the rate, while epinephrine (Adrenalin) increases it. Caffeine can also cause palpitations or extra beats. Blood Pressure. As the blood pressure decreases, the pulse will frequently increase. Elevated Body Temperature. The pulse increases approximately 10 beats per minute for every 1 F (0.56 º C) increase in body temperature. These conditions cause a temporary increase in the heartbeat and pulse. Pain. When the patient is in pain, the pulse rate will increase. Hypothesis I think that exercise will vary the pulse rate because when we are working out or exercising, oxygen is released from our body more rapidly as the cells metabolize and use up the oxygen quicker, and so our body requires a greater amount of oxygen. Due to which our heart rate increases to carry oxygenated blood to our muscles and organs. Hence, increasing our pulse rate. Variables Independent Variable: In this the independent variable is exercise because the pulse rate is varied by the exercise we do. Dependent Variable: In this the dependant variable is the pulse rate because it is dependent on exercise and many other factors that are kept constant. Constant Variable: In this all other factors excluding exercise are kept constant. This allows us to measure the effect of exercise on pulse rate and minimize confounding effects due to any other factors that may influence heart rate. Apparatus and Procedure Stop watch 1. Sit down comfortably on a chair, locate the pulse and calculate the number of pulse per minute. 2. Walk gently measuring different feet and calculate the pulse rate after each distance. 3. Repeat these steps twice and calculate the average number of pulses per minute and record. Observation table 1. Person-1 Pulse rate after walking 1 2 3 Average pulse rate At rest 74 72 77 74 100 feet 74 77 78 76 200 feet 77 79 76 77 300 feet 81 85 82 82 400 feet 87 84 89 86 500 feet 93 91 96 93 2. Person-2 Pulse rate after walking 1 2 3 Average pulse rate Pulse rate at rest 70 75 73 72 100 feet 73 72 77 74 200 feet 78 74 80 77 300 feet 79 81 83 81 400 feet 85 82 88 85 500 feet 91 94 98 94 3. Person-3 Pulse rate at rest 1 2 3 Average pulse rate Pulse rate at rest 73 72 75 73 100 feet 77 84 87 82 200 feet 94 96 93 94 300 feet 104 106 107 105 400 feet 104 110 108 107 500 feet 106 109 104 106 Conclusion BY observing my graphs I came to the conclusion that exercise raises the pulse rate because When the body is exercising the muscles respire to produce energy, so the muscles can contract. Oxygen is needed, the oxygen is carried in the haemoglobin of the red blood cell. The heart and lungs need to work harder in order to get a greater amount of oxygen to the muscles for respiration. In muscle cells digested food substances are oxidised to release energy. The heart rate rises because during exercise, respiration in the muscles increases, so the level of carbon dioxide in the blood rises. Carbon dioxide is slightly acid; the brain detects the rising acidity in the blood, the brain then sends a signal through the nervous system to the lungs to breathe faster and deeper. Gaseous exchange in the lungs increases allowing more oxygen into the circulatory system and removing more carbon dioxide. The brain then sends a signal to make the heart beat faster. As a result this, heart rate would rise. My graph confirms my hypothesis in that as the length of exercise is increased, the number of beats per minute rises. Hence the result shown by our experiment seems to be correct. Therefore I think that the procedure we used was reliable. Although there are some sources of error but these do not makes much difference and can be ignored. Sources of error As experiment is fully performed by humans so there are some human errors involved in the experiment. Firstly, we didn’t use pulse rate meter so there may be some errors in counting the pulse rate making some changes to our  result. Secondly, the person might not have properly relaxed so; factors like stress, excitement can affect the pulse rate making changes to our result. Thirdly, it took time to count the pulse rate after exercise, because of which the increased pulse rate might have come to normal in this meantime. Improvements By making some improvements in our experiment we could get more better and exact result. For example Instead of counting the pulse we could have used pulse rate meter to calculate pulse rate. Secondly, we could have taken pulse rate of more persons for better and accurate result.

Media Impacts on Children’s Rights Essay

Child abuse gives most people a vision of the faults and blunders of the society. Child mistreatment is one of the most common crimes committed in the present. As for the Philippines, one can find vital statistics to certain crimes at the Bantay Bata 163 website (http://www.abs-cbn.com/bantaybata163). According to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), 6,494 cases of child abuse were reported for the year of 2006 alone. Indeed, the government and certain non-government organizations must deal with these incidents of child abuse particularly the mass media. This paper examines the role of the media in relation to child abuse and child protection and argues that the media have been essential to the task of placing the problem of child abuse in the minds of the public and on the political agenda. THE MASS MEDIA According to YourDictionary.com, Mass Media is those means of communication that reach and influence large numbers of people, especially newspapers, popular magazines, radio, and television. Mass Media are those media that are created to be consumed by immense number of population worldwide and also a direct contemporary instrument of mass communication. Nonetheless, Mass Media is considered as the fourth estate of the society as well. It is the fourth branch of the government. It is the voice and weapon of the people and the society as whole. Mass media has various purposes, first is for entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading but since the late 20th century it can also be through video and computer games. Next is for public service announcement which is intended to modify public attitudes by raising awareness about specific issues like health and safety. And lastly is for advocacy. This can be for  both business and social concerns. This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations and political communication. MEDIA AND HUMAN RIGHTS As stated by the Secretary- General of the United Nations in 1998, Human Rights are ‘what reason requires and what conscience commands’ (Mizuta, 2000). It is commonly recognized that human rights are firm foundations of human existence and co-existence. It is for these human rights that the United Nations is engaged in securing the basic conditions of life, in ensuring peace, development, a safe environment, food, shelter, education, participation, equal opportunities and protection against intolerance in any form. The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights expicitly states that: ‘every individual and every organ of the society, keeping this Declaration constatly inmind, shall strive by teaching education to promote respect for these rights and freedom’ (Hamelink, 2000). With this, we can say that all (including different institutions) are responsible in promoting human rights. Mass media present the opportunity to communicate to large numbers of people and to target particular groups of people. As observed by Gamble and Gamble (1999), mass communication is significantly different from other forms of communication. They note that mass communication has the capacity to reach ‘simultaneously’ many thousands of people who are not related to the sender. It depends on ‘technical devices’ or ‘machines’ to quickly distribute messages to diverse audiences often unknown to each other. Thus, media in relation to human rights shows a exceptional characteristic in promoting it. CHILD ABUSE In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. The physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect of children have a long recorded history. In the mid to late 1800s, it was reported that children were often sexually assaulted, that children reported honestly about their abuse, and that the perpetrators of abuse were often the children’s fathers and brothers (Olafsen, Corwin and Summit 1993). Every year, millions of children across the world are becoming innocent helpless targets of atrocities. They are the sufferers of ill-treatment, exploitation, and brutality. They are part of human trafficking to induce into prostitution rackets. In terror prone regions, they are kidnapped from their homes and schools and their innocent childhood is forced into the army to witness the brunt of cruelty. They are enforced into debt repression or other kinds of slavery. In Metro Manila, according to Australian study, urbanization and migration continuously increase, children are often forced by circumstances to help their families earn a living. Most street children are of poor parents who have migrated from rural areas to find better job opportunities in the city, but lack of education renders them ill-equipped to earn or survive in the city. Street children have a bleak present and an uncertain future. Life in the street is a constant struggle to overcome the various negative elements that threaten to overtake and destroy the hope for survival. The street child works under the heat of the sun or in the dark of the night from 6 to 16 hours, seven days a week, often in a combination of â€Å"occupations† each considered their only means to survive. In the cities, neglected and abandoned children find themselves in the streets fending for themselves and vulnerable to the various evils of the urban jungle such as drug addiction, crimes and commercial sexual exploitation. Children who are neglected or abandoned are easy prey not only to accidents but to commercial sexual exploitation, drugs, crime and unwanted pregnancies. Incidents of child abuse is still on the rise especially  child sexual abuse. Also on the rise are reports of physical abuse and maltreatment of children. According to the statistics, there are approximately 40,000 to 50,000 street children of all categories in Metro Manila. Studies conducted reveal that the number of street children range from 2 to 3% of the child and adult population. The national project on street children estimated the number of street children at over 220,000 in 65 major cities as of 1993. There are now about 350 government and non government agencies that are responding to street childre n and their families. The government has given special focus on helping street children with programs focused on health and nutrition, educational assistance, parenting sessions, livelihood and skills training, residential care, foster care and adoption. However for as long as there would be squatter colonies sprouting in urban areas and for as long as there are not enough jobs, street children will continue to dominate in the streets. In a 1993 survey of households, some 16% of households surveyed have children below 12 years old who are left unattended with no supervising adult in the house. This translates to one in six households where children are without adult supervision. The consequences of child abuse are overwhelmingly disturbing. It denies a child its basic right-education. While violence and abuse pose a threat to their life, it also offers more devastating adverse effects on their mental and physical health. Often it leads to homelessness, resulting in increased number of cases of vagrancy giving birth to a feeling of depression. To worsen the scenario, these victims are more likely to abuse their own children in future, thanks to the deep impact on their mind and the cycle will continue forever. Though the agony and the plight of these children remain suppressed in silence, the brunt of their exploitation is very real. Although, the whole world is morally fuming at the abuse children endure. Yet, protection laws against child abuse commonly meet with confrontation at all strata of society. Like the protection of human rights, child protection can also be effectively promoted through media. MEDIA ON CHILD PROTECTION The media have been essential to the growth of society’s awareness of child abuse and neglect, not so much from specific community education campaigns as through ongoing news and features reporting on specific cases, research and intervention initiatives (Gough 1996). Media representations are the primary source of information on social problems for many people (Hutson and Liddiard 1994). Specifically, it is apparent that the media’s conceptualization of children and young people, and media reporting on both physical discipline of children and child abuse, is significant in reflecting and defining society’s perceptions of children and young people (Franklin and Horwath 1996), and what is and what is not acceptable behavior towards children. In addition to news stories, feature articles, and investigative journalism, sporadic mass media education and prevention campaigns are launched. These campaigns usually endeavor to broaden community knowledge of child abuse and neglect, to influence people’s attitudes towards children and young people, and to change behaviors that contribute to, or precipitate, the problem of child abuse and neglect in our communities (Goddard and Saunders, 2002). The constructive use of mass media can assist in teaching children and young people socially desirable ways of dealing with conflict, knowledge of their rights to integrity and protection from harm, healthy eating habits and lifestyles, and ways to assert themselves and their rights in a positive, acceptable manner. In an Inquiry into the Effects of Television and Multimedia on Children and Families in Victoria, Australia, evaluations of educational television programs, designed either for pre-schoolers or for older children, have suggested their effectiveness in ‘heightening a range of social behaviors’ (Friedrich and Stein 1973), diminishing ‘the effects of stereotyping’ (Johnston and Ettema 1982), increasing ‘preparedness for adolescence’ (Singer and Singer 1994), and stimulating the discussion of ‘solutions to general social issues’ (Johnston et. al 1993). The Convention of the rights of the child provides for the right of children to access information and material to those that aimed the promotion of his or her rights. (Hamelink, 1999).Therefore, mass media as a  primary source of these information should provide the children proper knowledge of his or her rights. Also, mass media education and prevention campaigns may be designed to target children and young people, providing them with useful information and alerting them to avenues for further information, help and support. Campaigns can also use regular television programs for children. Research suggests that, at least in the short term, television viewing of such programs may increase children’s and young people’s knowledge and positively change attitudes and behaviors. Unfortunately, longitudinal studies exploring sustained effects are rare and thus inconclusive. It further notes that television ‘is one of the most popular forms of mass communication and entertainment in has been under-utilized as an educative tool’, and suggests that perhaps narrow vision has meant that the deliberate use of television simultaneously to entertain and educate has not been fully recognized. Despite this, Postman (1994) has argued that television is rapidly becoming ‘the first curriculum’, with educational institutions such as schools following behind. Further, campaigns may be designed to give children and young people an opportunity to express their views on issues that affect them, specifically targeting adult audiences that habitually ignore the views and experiences of children and young people. The UK Children’s Express is one example, as is Youth Forum in Melbourne’s Herald Sun newspaper. .Research on the physical punishment of children suggests, for example, that adults may be interested to hear children’s views on the issue of physical discipline, and children interviewed in the research were keen for adults to hear their views. To date, however, the media rarely, if ever, consults children and takes their views into account before reporting on the physical punishment for children (Goddard and Saunders, 2000) MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGNS †¢ EVERY CHILD IS IMPORTANT (Australia, May 2000) This primary prevention campaign used a ‘comforting’ approach and incorporated a significant mass media component (Tucci et. al2001). As outlined in ‘More action – less talk! Community responses to child abuse prevention’ (Tucci, et. al 2001), the campaign sought to: elicit a commitment from adults to adults to develop safe and non-abusive relationships with children; persuade adults to stop behaving in ways which are harmful to children; educate adults about the important needs of children; and better inform adults about the causes and consequences of child abuse. The campaign encouraged all adults to: think and view children as a source of hope; understand the developmental variables of children; respect the meaning children give to their experiences; engage positively with the principles of children’s rights; and appreciate more fully the capacities and contribution of children to the cultural and emotional life of families and communities. The campaign also addressed: the commonly held belief that children are a cost to society; the perceived suspicion that any application of the notion of children’s rights will mean an erosion of parent’s rights; and the public’s lack of understanding about the extent and nature of child abuse in Australia. The campaign continued until the end of 2001. A song, written by Van Morrison and performed by Rod Stewart, ‘Have I Told You Lately That I Love You’, was the focus of a television advertising campaign that aimed to stimulate people’s thoughts about the importance and value of children and how this is communicated to them. Television commercials were backed up by press and radio advertisements. In addition to advertising, the campaign sought media attention by involving Tracy Bartram, FOX FM radio personality, as an ambassador for the campaign. Media attention was drawn to the campaign’s launch. A free information kit for parents was made available, parent’s seminar sessions, featuring Michael Grose, were conducted, and a website made readily available to the public. The campaign did not receive state or federal funding but relied heavily on in-kind support from individuals and Victorian businesses. Quantum Market Research monitored the effectiveness of the campaign. In  May 2000 and October 2000 telephone interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 301 adults. Public dissemination of research outcomes formed part of the campaign strategy. Tucci et al. (2001) report that the initial research findings, five months into the campaign, revealed that: ‘Child abuse is as serious social problem that is poorly understood by the Victorian public while fifty one per cent of respondents believed the community recognized child abuse as a serious social problem and another twenty one per cent believed they accurately understood the extent and nature of child abuse in Australia, this is clearly not the case. Fifty nine per cent were unable even to guess the number of reports of child abuse received annually. Only four per cent of respondents accurately estimated the size of the problem. Twenty-nine per cent of respondents underestimated the problem by at least 90,000 reports. The idea that adults can hurt children is disturbing and likely underpins the belief by fifty one per cent of respondents that the community treats this issue seriously, but when asked to account for the extent to which children are being abused by adults, community awareness is sadly lacking.’ Eighty per cent of respondents strongly supported the need for a campaign against child abuse. Australians Against Child Abuse thus feels confident that the ‘Every Child is Important’ campaign will significantly influence public attitudes and responses to children and to child abuse. Ongoing research into the impact of the campaign will in itself be valuable in contributing to the debate about the educative and cost effectiveness of mass media campaigns aimed at preventing child abuse and neglect. †¢ NSPCC Full Stop Campaign – Primary Prevention (United Kingdom, May 1999) It has the ambitious aim of ending cruelty to children within 20 years. Costing three million pounds, it proposes to change attitudes and behaviour towards children, to make it everybody’s business to protect children, and to launch new services and approaches (Boztas, 1999). The campaign is supported by Prince Andrew, popular personalities such as the Spice Girls, the English football star Alan Shearer, and companies such as British Telecom and Microsoft. As Rudaizky (quoted in Hall 1999) explains, a pictorial theme of the campaign is people covering their eyes: ‘The theme of the eyes being covered is about people not facing up to the reality of what is happening. Our intention was not to shock but to move people into doing something about it. Child abuse is not nice to talk about. It is an upsetting subject but unless we talk about it, we will not end it.’ This objective highlights the suppression/awareness phenomenon mentioned above, and draws attention again to the need for ongoing rather than intermittent prevention campaigns. FAMILIES’ – University of Queensland Sanders et al. (2000) evaluated Families – a 12-part prevention-focused television series ‘designed to provide empirically validated parenting information in an interesting and entertaining format. The series presented a parenting model, suggesting strategies parents could use with their children. It aimed to reassure parents that it is normal for parenting to be challenging, and it hoped to increase parents’ confidence that positive changes in children’s behavior were achievable. The series also aimed to increase awareness in the community of the importance of ‘positive family relationships’ to the positive development of young people (Sanders et al. 2000). This ‘media-based television series’ was considered to be successful, specifically in relation to its impact on increasing the parenting confidence of mothers. However, Sanders et al. (2000) concluded that the impact of the series could have been increased: ‘by the strategic provision of service support systems, such as telephone information contact lines or parenting resource centers, which could be advertised as part of a coordinated media strategy planned to coincide with the airing of the television program. These services could provide information and back-up resources, such as parenting tip sheets, to parents seeking further advice after viewing the program. Staff at these centers could also identify and  refer families who may need more intensive help. †¢ BEYOND BELIEF (United Kingdom, 1992) A documentary claimed to show new evidence of satanic/ritual abuse in Britain. Following the program, helplines were overloaded with calls from people who had experienced sexual or ritual abuse. Counsellors noted that: ‘The program appeared to have given callers permission to speak of their experiences and their gratitude that someone, somewhere took what they said seriously.’ (Scott 1993) Henderson, a fellow at Glasgow University’s mass media unit, as quoted by Hellen (1998) commented that: ‘A lot of people who have suffered child abuse quite simply lack the vocabulary, because of shame or fear, to come to terms with what has happened. Provided a drama does not place blame on the child, it can be very helpful.’ †¢ BBC Screenplay It has been suggested that sometimes ‘drama reaches the parts the documentary cannot’ (Campbell 1989). Writing about Testimony of a Child, a BBC screenplay that presents ‘the other side of the Cleveland child sexual abuse saga – the story of an abused child going home to [the] abuser’, Campbell argues that sexual assault ‘presents television with terrible problems. Television is about seeing. But it censors what we need to see if we are to understand because it bows to propriety and thus contains what is knowable’ (Campbell 1989).Despite this, Campbell (1989) notes the power of fictitious drama based on fact to: ‘ invite you to think: what would you do if faced with that child’s face, his fantasies full of terror and death, his starvation, his stubborn silences, his sore bum. †¢ COLD HANDS- (New South Wales, 1993) Armstrong (1993) argued that the play portrays a week in the life of a 12 year-old girl sexually assaulted by her father and got pregnant. The  play’s focus allows the audience to gain an insight into the child’s fear and trauma, the father’s feeble rationalization and defense, and the mother’s fear of confronting the truth. Armstrong noted that the New South Wales Child Protection Council showed professional interest in the play and that plays have been used as part of child abuse awareness campaigns. The play’s director, Ritchie (as quoted by Armstrong 1993) remarked that: ‘The play is powerful, dramatic, presenting practical and emotional reality. It is confronting, but it emphasizes the fact that there is no excuse. †¢ QUESTIONS 2: Killing Tomorrow – New Zealand A documentary, screened in New Zealand in 2001, graphically depicts the lives and abuse of three children. During the documentary, a Detective Inspector informs the audience that the drama is based on the lives of real people, and the audience is told how life turned out for the children and their abusers. ‘Only those with ice in their veins could fail to be moved – and there lies the problem. In each case, one adult or more had failed to take responsibility for the safety of a defenseless child’ (Herrick 2001). Reporting in The New Zealand Herald, Herrick asks what can programs like this possibly expect to achieve. Twenty years ago, polite society didn’t even acknowledge abuse existed, let alone talk about it. So shows like this, which provoke thought and discussion, must be a sign of progress, even if the statistics say otherwise. Killing tomorrow was punishing if compelling viewing. Supported by New Zealand’s child protection authority, Child Youth and Family Services (CYFS), consider documentaries like ‘Killing Tomorrow’ to be a powerful way of educating people about the issues and what can be done to protect children. ‘We want to create an environment where child abuse is less able to exist and we’re pleased Screentime-Communicado has decided to help raise these serious issues’ (Brown, CYFS chief executive quoted in The  New Zealand Herald 28/11/01). After the program was screened there was a panel discussion of the issues presented in the documentary and CYFS booklets that provide tips on parenting were made available to the public. Child protection received 211 phone calls during the documentary and on the night it was screened. Fifty-three child abuse investigations resulted, five of which cases were considered ‘very urgent [and were] assigned immediately to social workers for investigation’ (Ward, CYFS spokesperson, quoted in The New Zealand Herald 30/11/01). Also quoted in the New Zealand Herald 30/11/01 was Simcock, the National Social Services spokesperson: ‘The documentary showed community groups were doing their best on the issue but government measures were sadly lacking the most helpful thing the government could do was to change the law that allowed parents to hit children. While the documentary appears to have raised awareness of child abuse and prompted some people to act on their suspicions of abuse and neglect, Henare, a Child Abuse Prevention Services spokesperson, noted that ‘the objective of the documentary would not be reached without enough money for community providers’ (quoted in The New Zealand Herald 30/11/01). These are only some examples of media campaigns. There were still lots more evidences the media protecting children around the globe from abuse. Though media shows a remarkable effort in the child protection system, people can not stay away from the fact that there are still several problems these media campaigns face. MEDIA PROBLEMS IN CHILD PROTECTION CAMPAIGN Journalists willing to advocate for children and young people face the challenge of counterbalancing negative images or ‘demonisation‘(Franklin and Horwath 1996) of children and, particularly, of adolescents, in print, television and film. Starkly contrasting with once popular views of  childhood as a time of innocence, less than positive images of children and young people in the media may place obstacles in the path of attempts to prevent their abuse and neglect. In 1968, 11-yearold Mary Bell murdered two boys, aged three and four in the UK. Twenty-five years later, in 1993, two ten-year-old boys murdered two-year-old Jamie Bulger in the UK, and in Australia in 1998, a ten-year-old boy was charged with drowning a six-year-old playmate. In such cases, a child being able to open his or her mind in abusive acts might be the perpetrator of maltreatment to his or her fellow. Psychologically, the Social Information Processing Theory of Aggression, comes here. According to Strasburger (1995), the central tenet of social information processing theory is that children create their own rationales to explain the behavior of others during social during social encounters. In turn, these self- generated interpretation influence children’s responses in their ongoing social interaction. Given that mental state operate in a feedback loop, it is possible that all social experiences, including those involving violent media, could influence social information processing. CONCLUSION Society sometimes fails to recognize that children are the most vulnerable group in our community, and are thus in need of the greatest protection. The social and economic costs to societies that have not prioritized children’s needs, especially the prevention of child abuse and neglect, are well documented. This paper focused on news stories, feature articles and investigative journalism. In this, we have concentrated on mass media education and prevention campaigns, television series, documentaries, and live theatre productions. It demonstrate the media’s potential power to positively influence child welfare policies, community responses to children and young people, and societal acknowledgement of, and reaction to, child abuse and neglect. It challenges those who are involved in child welfare and child protection to make greater efforts to understand media influences and to use  the media constructively. Sustained community education and prevention campaigns, using mass media communication, are integral to the prevention of child abuse and neglect. These campaigns continually confront communities with the reality of child abuse. They challenge people, institutions, and governments to listen to children and to respond to the needs of all children and families, and particularly the special needs of children who have been abused or neglected. Further, sustained mass media exposure of child abuse and neglect may publicly censure and shame perpetrators, many of whom are relatives and adults well known to the victimized child. According to Tucci (2002), the agenda for our community – and the government which represents us – should be clear. The prevention of child abuse should be a priority. However, to be effective, mass media campaigns will need to be part of a broader prevention program that includes the provision of supports and services for all children and families. 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